Falconry in the USA – State Laws, Traditions, Training, and Care

Falconry in the USA – State Laws, Traditions, Training, and Care Falconry in the USA is more than a sport—it’s a centuries-old tradition rooted in discipline, respect for raptors, and a deep connection to the wild. Practiced by fewer than 4,000 licensed falconers nationwide, it remains one of the most regulated and revered forms of hunting. This article offers a comprehensive overview of falconry in America, covering its legal framework, historical context, training methods, bird care, and cultural significance. --- History and Cultural Legacy Falconry in North America traces its formal roots to the early 20th century, though indigenous peoples had long interacted with birds of prey. The first organized falconry clubs appeared in the 1930s, and by 1961, the North American Falconers Association (NAFA) was founded to promote ethical practices and conservation. Falconry was officially recognized by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in 1976, leading to standardized federal regulations. Today, falconry is practiced in all 50 states, though each has its own licensing process and wildlife management policies. The tradition is strongest in states with vast open landscapes—such as Wyoming, New Mexico, and Idaho—where game species like jackrabbits, pheasants, and ducks are abundant. --- Legal Framework: Federal and State Laws Falconry in the USA is governed by a dual system of federal and state regulations. The federal authority stems from the Migratory Bird Treaty Act, which prohibits the possession or use of raptors without proper permits. To legally practice falconry, one must obtain: • A state falconry license • A federal falconry permit • A hunting license (in most states) According to 50 CFR § 21.82, falconers must pass a written exam, serve a two-year apprenticeship under a licensed sponsor, and maintain approved facilities for housing birds. States like California, Texas, and Colorado have detailed manuals outlining species allowed, trapping seasons, and facility standards. Age requirements vary: most states allow apprenticeships starting at age 12–14, but full licensing typically begins at 18. Raptors used in falconry must be either captive-bred or legally trapped under strict quotas. Native species like red-tailed hawks and American kestrels are commonly permitted for apprentices. --- Falconry Statistics in the USA As of 2025, there are approximately 3,800 licensed falconers in the United States, with the largest populations in California, Texas, and Pennsylvania. NAFA reports that over 70% of falconers fly red-tailed hawks, while peregrine falcons and Harris’s hawks are popular among experienced handlers. The average falconer spends 15–30 hours per week training, hunting, and caring for their bird. Falconry is practiced year-round, but peak hunting seasons align with state game regulations—typically fall and winter. North American Falconers Association (NAFA) is the largest and most influential falconry organization in the United States. Founded in 1961, NAFA sets ethical standards. --- Training Raptors: Methods and Ethics Training a raptor for falconry is a meticulous process that blends behavioral conditioning with trust-building. Key stages include: • Manning: acclimating the bird to human presence • Creance training: using a long line to teach flight control • Luring: conditioning the bird to return to a baited lure • Free flight: allowing the bird to hunt independently and return voluntarily Training is based on positive reinforcement, never punishment. Raptors are not domesticated—they remain wild animals with instincts that must be respected. Most falconers begin with hardy species like the red-tailed hawk due to its adaptability and resilience. --- Daily Care and Facility Standards Proper care is legally mandated and ethically essential. Falconers must provide: • Weathering area: outdoor space for sun and fresh air • Mews: indoor housing with perches, ventilation, and security • Diet: whole prey (quail, mice, rats) to maintain nutrition • Health monitoring: regular weight checks, parasite control, and vet access Birds must be weighed daily—weight management is critical for flight performance. Overweight birds may refuse to hunt; underweight birds risk exhaustion. Clean water, safe perches, and protection from predators are non-negotiable. --- Falconry Traditions and Regional Variations Falconry traditions vary by region. In the Southwest, falconers often hunt jackrabbits with Harris’s hawks in cooperative flights. In the Northeast, goshawks are flown in dense forests for squirrels and grouse. Western states favor longwings (falcons) for open-field hunting of ducks and pheasants. Annual meets and field trials are held by NAFA and state clubs, where falconers gather to share techniques, hunt together, and celebrate the culture. These events reinforce mentorship, ethics, and conservation. --- Conservation and Ethical Considerations Falconers are among the most active conservationists. Many participate in raptor rehabilitation, nest monitoring, and captive breeding programs. The recovery of the peregrine falcon in North America is largely credited to falconers who bred and released birds in the 1980s. Ethical falconry emphasizes: • Legal trapping and release • Avoiding overhunting • Respecting non-target species • Educating the public about raptors --- Conclusion: Falconry as a Way of Life Falconry in the USA is not a hobby—it’s a lifestyle rooted in discipline, respect, and wilderness. It demands time, patience, and a lifelong commitment to the bird and the hunt. With strict laws, deep traditions, and a vibrant community, falconry continues to thrive as one of the most authentic forms of hunting in North America. For those considering the path, start by contacting your state wildlife agency, studying the NAFA guidelines, and finding a mentor. Falconry is not easy—but for those who pursue it, the rewards are unmatched.