Later history

The Franks and other Teutonic peoples were fond of falconry and the chase, and in later centuries both the laity and the clergy were warned by provincial councils against spending so much time and money on hounds, hawks, and falcons. Originally, among the northern nations all could hunt except slaves, who were forbidden to bear arms. The idea of game preservation arose in feudal times when the right to hunt became attached to the ownership of land. Because of their hereditary claim to the title Lord High Masters of the Chase for the Holy Roman Empire, the electors of Saxony enjoyed exceptional opportunities to hunt. Elector John George II of Saxony (reigned 1656–80) shot an astonishing total of 42,649 red deer. He refused the crown of Bohemia not for political reasons but because Bohemian stags were smaller than Saxon ones. To protect his stags, he fenced the boundary between Saxony and Bohemia. An early landgrave of Hesse had a codicil added to the Lord’s Prayer: “Give us this day our daily hart in the pride of grease,” i.e., a fattened stag. In 11th-century England, Edward the Confessor delighted in riding after stag hounds, as did many of his successors. In 18th-century France Louis XV was so fond of hunting that he stopped on the way home from his coronation to chase stags in the Villars-Cotterets forest. In 1726 he spent 276 days hunting. In Russia the tsars had superb hunting in the forest of Belovezh; one remarkable 12-day shoot produced a tally of 36 elk, 53 stags, 325 roebuck, 42 bison (wisent), and 138 wild boars.