1997 - News
Отзыв на карабин Сайга-410С (1997 год, длина ствола 570 мм, складной приклад)
Карабин Сайга-410С стал моим верным спутником на охоте уже на протяжении нескольких сезонов. Этот оружейный экземпляр, выпущенный в 1997 году, с длиной ствола 570 мм и складным прикладом, имеет свои уникальные особенности, которые я хотел бы обсудить подробнее.
Плюсы:
Компактность и мобильность: Складной приклад делает карабин очень удобным для транспортировки. Его можно легко поместить в рюкзак или в багажник автомобиля, что особенно важно для охотников, которые часто перемещаются по пересеченной местности.
Точность стрельбы: Несмотря на относительно короткий ствол, Сайга-410С продемонстрировала хорошую кучность и точность на дистанциях до 50 метров. Использование патронов с гладким срезом позволяет достигать удовлетворительных результатов даже на средней дальности.
Возможность применения различных патронов: Карабин работает с различными видами патронов. Это позволяет охотиться на мелкую дичь и использовать его в качестве самообороны.
Надежность: Сайга-410С отличается высокой надежностью и долговечностью. За все время использования у меня не было ни одной осечки или отказа в работе. Оружие прекрасно справляется с различными погодными условиями.
Простота в использовании: Карабин достаточно простой в эксплуатации, и с ним может справиться даже новичок. Весьма удобен для быстрой стрельбы.
Минусы:
Отсутствие силы: Несмотря на точность, мощность карабина может не всегда удовлетворять требования опытных охотников, особенно если речь идет о крупной дичи. Для больших зверей лучше использовать более мощные модели.
Комфорт при стрельбе Сайга-410С: Учитывая, что это гладкоствольное оружие, отдача может быть ощутимой, особенно при использовании более мощных патронов. Это стоит учитывать, если вы собираетесь долго стрелять без перерывов.
Ограниченные модификации: Несмотря на свою универсальность, возможность настроек и модернизаций ограничены. Например, приобрести дополнительные приклады или другие аксессуары может быть затруднительно.
Работа с дополнительными аксессуарами Сайга-410С: Если планируете использовать различные прицелы или другие устройства, потребуется более тщательная настройка и подгонка, что может потребовать дополнительных затрат.
Сайга-410С - отличный выбор для охотников, которые ищут надежное и компактное оружие для охоты на мелкую дичь или для самообороны. Однако, если вы планируете охоту на крупную дичь или стремитесь использовать больше модификаций, возможно, стоит рассмотреть другие варианты. В целом, я остался доволен своим выбором и рекомендую этот карабин тем, кто ценит сочетание простоты и функциональности.
#Сайга410С #Карабин #Охота #Оружие #1997 #Складнойприклад #сайга
Caccia in Sicilia: Dalle Beccacce dei Nebrodi ai Cinghiali dell'Etna - Date, Regole e Segreti Locali
La Sicilia è una delle regione italiane più ricche di biodiversità, grazie ai suoi paesaggi che spaziano dalle montagne alle coste, passando per le vaste pianure interne. Questo rende il territorio ideale per la pratica venatoria, a patto che essa avvenga nel rispetto della legge e con un’attitudine sostenibile. La stagione venatoria è regolata dalla Legge Regionale 33/1997, aggiornata annualmente, e prevede periodi diversificati in base alla specie e al tipo di ambiente.
Normativa Generale e Periodi di Caccia in Sicilia
La caccia in Sicilia si svolge all’interno di un contesto normativo preciso, definito autonomamente dalla Regione. La stagione principale ha inizio solitamente con la terza domenica di settembre e termina il 31 gennaio, sebbene i periodi varino a seconda della specie:
-Uccelli migratori: periodo generalmente compreso tra settembre e gennaio
-Mammiferi (cinghiale, lepre, coniglio): da ottobre a dicembre, con possibili estensioni locali
-Selvaggina stanziale: finestre temporali più lunghe ma soggette a restrizioni
Il clima mediterraneo e l’eterogeneità del territorio influenzano fortemente la presenza e l’attività degli animali. Rispetto ad altre regioni come Toscana o Lombardia, la Sicilia presenta stagioni leggermente anticipate per gli uccelli migratori, grazie alle temperature più miti. Negli ultimi anni sono state introdotte ulteriori limitazioni per proteggere alcune specie a rischio, soprattutto dopo il 2020, quando sono aumentati i controlli sul bracconaggio.
Calendario Stagionale della Caccia in Sicilia
Ogni anno viene stabilito un calendario venatorio basato su studi scientifici e monitoraggi faunistici. Le specie principali abbattibili seguono schemi ben definiti:
- Cinghiale: periodo da ottobre a dicembre, con battute organizzate
- Lepre e coniglio selvatico: abbattibili da settembre a gennaio
- Beccacce e tordi: periodo migliore tra settembre e dicembre, con picco a novembre
-Colombacci: periodo breve, concentrato tra settembre e ottobre durante le migrazioni
I momenti migliori per la caccia coincidono con l’alba e il tramonto, quando l’attività faunistica è maggiore. In autunno, molti animali sono particolarmente attivi nella ricerca di cibo per prepararsi all’inverno.
Durante la stagione si tengono eventi importanti come la Fiera della Caccia a Palermo, occasione per esporre attrezzature e incontrare esperti, e le battute organizzate al cinghiale promosse da associazioni locali.
Divieti e Restrizioni in Sicilia
In Sicilia molte specie sono tutelate o soggette a restrizioni specifiche. Tra quelle protette figurano il lupo, l’aquila reale, il cervo sardo, la starna siciliana e il fagiano, tutti vietati da abbattere. Sono inoltre previsti divieti temporali:
- Periodo di riproduzione: dal 1° marzo al 31 agosto, con chiusura totale per molte specie
- Caccia notturna: vietata tranne che per il cinghiale con autorizzazione specifica
È proibito cacciare entro 500 metri dai nidi e in aree protette come parchi e riserve naturali. Il rispetto di queste norme è essenziale per garantire la conservazione delle popolazioni animali e mantenere un equilibrio ecologico.
Come Ottenere il Permesso di Caccia nella Regione in Sicilia
Per praticare caccia in Sicilia è necessario possedere tutta la documentazione richiesta. Oltre al porto d’armi valido, rilasciato dopo superamento dell’esame teorico, serve il tesserino regionale emesso dalla Regione Sicilia. È obbligatorio dotarsi di un’assicurazione RC.
Tra le associazioni consigliate figurano Federcaccia Sicilia e Arcicaccia, che forniscono supporto tecnico, corsi di formazione e accompagnamento per chi visita la regione per la prima volta.
Sanzioni e Responsabilità per il Mancato Rispetto dei Termini Venatori in Sicilia
Chi viola le normative incorre in sanzioni severe. Le multe per caccia senza licenza possono arrivare fino a 2.000 euro, mentre l’abbattimento di specie protette comporta sanzioni fino a 10.000 euro e può comportare denuncia penale. Chi commette infrazioni gravi o recidive può incorrere nella sospensione o revoca della licenza di caccia, oltre al sequestro dell’attrezzatura utilizzata.
Consigli per Scegliere Momenti, Luoghi, Equipaggiamento e Tecniche a Seconda delle Stagioni e dei Periodi di Caccia
La scelta del momento migliore dipende dalla specie bersaglio. Alba e crepuscolo sono ideali per ungulati come capriolo e cinghiale, mentre le giornate coperte favoriscono una maggiore attività faunistica. Dopo la raccolta dei campi aumenta la visibilità e si registra una maggiore movimentazione degli animali.
Tra le zone più indicate:
- Madonie e Nebrodi: ambiente ideale per il cinghiale
- Area di Vendicari: zona umida perfetta per anatre e altri acquatici
- Campagne interne: habitat naturale di lepri e conigli
L’equipaggiamento va scelto in base al tipo di terreno e specie: mimetismo adatto al bosco, scarpe robuste per terreni accidentati, fucile calibro 12 per selvaggina media. Le tecniche efficaci includono l’appostamento fisso per gli uccelli, l’utilizzo di cani da seguita per il recupero e battute organizzate per il cinghiale.
La caccia in Sicilia rappresenta una tradizione antica che, se praticata con etica e rispetto delle norme, contribuisce alla conservazione del territorio e delle specie animali. Rimane fondamentale che ogni cacciatore si informi correttamente, rispetti le scadenze e agisca in modo responsabile per garantire la sostenibilità futura di questa attività. Buona stagione a tutti!
Sicily Hunting Seasons and Calendar: Ancient Traditions Meet Modern Dates in Nebrodi and Madonie Ranges
Regulation and Hunting Periods in Sicily
Sicily's hunting seasons are governed by Regional Law 33/1997 and subsequent amendments that define the legal framework for game management. The general hunting calendar varies depending on the species being hunted. Migratory birds can typically be pursued from the third Sunday of September until the end of January. For mammals such as wild boar, hare, and rabbit, the season generally runs from October to December, though certain areas may allow extensions. Resident game species often have longer seasons but come with specific restrictions. The island’s Mediterranean climate influences migration patterns and animal behavior, making them distinct from northern Italian regions. Its diverse terrain—ranging from coastal plains to mountainous zones—also affects game availability and hunting strategies. Compared to regions like Tuscany or Lombardy, Sicily often allows longer seasons for some species, and migratory birds tend to arrive earlier due to the warmer climate. In recent years, stricter regulations have been introduced to protect endangered wildlife, with reinforced anti-poaching measures since 2020.
Hunting Calendar by Species in Sicily
The most productive hunting periods vary by species. Wild boar are best hunted between October and December, especially during organized drives. Hares and rabbits can be hunted from September through January, while migratory birds such as woodcocks and thrush are available from September to December, with peak activity in November. Wood pigeons offer optimal hunting conditions during their migration period in September and October. Animal activity is highest at dawn and dusk, particularly during autumn when wildlife is preparing for winter. This seasonal rhythm makes early mornings and late afternoons ideal times for successful hunts across much of the island.
Protected Species and Restrictions in Sicily
Several species are fully protected under regional and national laws, including the wolf, golden eagle, and Sardinian deer. Hunting of these animals is strictly prohibited. Other species like the Sicilian partridge and pheasant have limited hunting periods to ensure population sustainability. Night hunting is generally banned except for wild boar under special permits. There is also a total ban on hunting from March to August, which corresponds to the breeding season for many species. These conservation-focused rules aim to maintain ecological balance and promote sustainable hunting practices across the island.
Necessary Documentation in Sicily
To hunt legally in Sicily, hunters must possess several key documents. A valid firearm license is required for those using guns, along with a regional hunting permit issued by the Sicilian Regional Authority. Hunters must also carry proof of mandatory liability insurance. Local associations such as Federcaccia Sicilia and Arcicaccia provide training courses and issue official hunting licenses. These organizations play a crucial role in educating hunters on local regulations, safety, and responsible hunting practices.
Penalties and Fines in Sicily
Violations of Sicilian hunting laws result in strict penalties. Hunting without a license can lead to fines up to €2,000. Killing protected species carries even harsher consequences, including fines reaching €10,000 and potential confiscation of firearms. Hunting during closed seasons results in automatic license suspension. These enforcement measures reflect the region's commitment to protecting wildlife and ensuring lawful, ethical hunting activities.
Practical Advice for Hunters in Sicily
Some of the best hunting grounds in Sicily include the Madonie and Nebrodi mountain ranges, known for their healthy wild boar populations, and the Vendicari wetlands, an excellent location for waterfowl. Recommended gear includes a 12-gauge shotgun for medium-sized game, durable camouflage clothing, and strong boots suitable for rough terrain. Effective techniques vary by species: still hunting works well for wild boar, stalking is preferred for hares and rabbits, and careful positioning near feeding grounds increases success with birds.
Sicily offers several notable events for hunters throughout the year, providing opportunities to connect with fellow enthusiasts, learn about new gear, and participate in traditional hunting activities. One of the most important events is the Palermo Hunting Fair, which typically takes place in the fall and attracts exhibitors and visitors from across the region. This fair features a wide range of hunting-related products, including firearms, optics, clothing, and accessories, as well as live demonstrations and seminars on hunting techniques, wildlife management, and conservation efforts. In addition to trade events, Sicily hosts various organized wild boar hunts led by local hunting clubs, especially in areas like the Madonie and Nebrodi mountains, where guided drives are common during the open season. These events not only provide exciting hunting experiences but also help manage wild boar populations in a sustainable way. Some towns also hold local festivals and sagre that celebrate traditional Sicilian cuisine made from game meat, particularly during the autumn months, offering hunters a chance to enjoy the culinary rewards of their sport while immersing themselves in regional culture.
Whether you're an experienced hunter or just starting out, Sicily offers unique opportunities shaped by its landscapes and rich biodiversity. However, it is essential to respect local laws, follow open seasons, and preserve natural habitats to ensure future generations can enjoy the same experiences. Happy hunting!
Ralph & Vicki Cianciarulo — Elite Hunting Influencers and Outdoor Bloggers: Archery Experts, TV Hosts, and Trailblazers in Modern Conservation
Hunting Journey of Ralph & Vicki Cianciarulo
Ralph Cianciarulo began his hunting journey in Illinois, where from an early age he was introduced to hunting by his father, an avid outdoorsman. His passion for nature and archery developed in childhood and grew into a lifelong profession. Vicki Cianciarulo discovered hunting later in life after meeting Ralph, but quickly mastered the skills and became one of the most recognized female figures in the hunting community. Together, they transformed their passion into a successful media career, influencing millions of hunting enthusiasts worldwide.
Media Presence and Public Influence
In 1987, they founded the Archer’s Choice Pro Shop in Berwyn, Illinois, initially serving local hunters with expert gear and advice.
By 1997, they launched their TV show Archer’s Choice, which rapidly gained popularity due to its authentic portrayal of hunting adventures.
They later introduced The Choice, a series focusing on family hunting experiences and encouraging new generations to participate in outdoor sports.
Ralph and Vicki have become pioneers in hunting television content and remain among the most respected outdoor influencers and bloggers in the United States, consistently producing high-quality, educational, and engaging content.
Hunting Style and Preferences
Both are strong advocates of fair chase and ethical hunting principles, emphasizing respect for wildlife and natural habitats.
Their preferred hunting method is bowhunting, including both traditional and compound bows, highlighting skill, patience, and precision.
They regularly hunt across the United States and Canada, from their home state of Illinois and Iowa to the northern wilderness of Canada, adapting their techniques to various terrains and species.
Main Types of Hunting
Whitetail deer hunting remains their primary focus, especially in the Midwest regions renowned for trophy-quality bucks.
They also pursue elk, moose, black bear, antelope, and wild turkey, diversifying their hunting portfolio.
Predator hunting is included as part of ecosystem management and ethical hunting education.
Family-oriented hunts are a significant part of their lifestyle, where they involve younger generations and promote outdoor values.
Notable Trophies
Multiple record-class whitetail bucks harvested over their decades-long career.
Canadian moose and bear trophies, showcasing their expertise in diverse hunting environments.
Recent hunts include large bull elk and moose in Saskatchewan and Alaska, often documented with detailed videos and stories to educate and inspire their audience.
Weaponry and Gear
Their primary hunting equipment consists of high-performance compound bows and crossbows, custom-tuned for accuracy and reliability.
They complement bowhunting with firearms suited to specific game and legal hunting requirements.
Their gear preferences include branded bows, optics, and accessories from top manufacturers such as TenPoint and Browning.
They also develop and promote their own branded hunting gear lines, providing field-tested recommendations to their followers.
As Influencers and Bloggers
Ralph & Vicki actively maintain their Instagram account @ralphandvicki, sharing hunting adventures, gear reviews, and family moments.
Their content combines professional hunting footage with personal stories, emphasizing family values and ethical outdoor lifestyle.
They frequently participate in hunting expos, seminars, and panel discussions, promoting conservation and responsible hunting.
Their blog and media channels serve as platforms for mentoring new hunters, especially women and youth, helping grow the hunting community sustainably.
Ralph and Vicki Cianciarulo exemplify the ideal hunting influencers and outdoor bloggers. With over 30 years of experience, they have evolved from local pro shop owners to nationally recognized media personalities and educators. Their dedication to ethical hunting, family involvement, and conservation continues to inspire and shape the future of hunting culture.
Ralph & Vicki Cianciarulo's Instagram (56,6k followers): @ralphandvicki
Ружья ATA Arms: История оружейной компании
ATA Arms – это одна из ведущих оружейных компаний Турции, известная своими инновациями и качеством продукции. История компании начинается с 1955 года, когда основатель компании, Джелал Йоллу, произвел свое первое одноствольное ружье в возрасте всего 13 лет.
Основные этапы развития
- 1959 год: Джелал Йоллу открыл свою первую мастерскую в Кайсери, Инжесу.
- 1967 год: Производство первого двуствольного ружья в Турции.
- 1973 год: Основание компании Avsan и производство первого в Турции ружья с вертикально спаренными стволами.
- 1992 год: Производство первой полуавтоматической винтовки модели 92-A.
- 1997 год: Основание компании ATA Arms в Стамбуле.
- 2004 год: Производство полуавтоматического ружья CY 3.5” Super Magnum.
- 2008 год: Производство инерционного полуавтоматического ружья NEO.
- 2014 год: Производство полуавтоматического ружья Venza, запатентованного по всему миру.
- 2015 год: Производство первой в Турции болтовой винтовки.
- 2018 год: Производство гранатомета и снайперской винтовки.
Популярные модели
ATA Arms известна своими популярными моделями ружей и карабинов, такими как:
- **NEO:** Инерционное полуавтоматическое ружье, известное своей надежностью и точностью.
- **Venza:** Полуавтоматическое ружье с уникальной системой снижения отдачи.
- **CY 3.5” Super Magnum:** Полуавтоматическое ружье, предназначенное для охоты на крупную дичь.
- **Turqua:** Болтовая винтовка, известная своей точностью и эргономикой.
Новости и достижения
Компания ATA Arms активно участвует в международных выставках, таких как IWA в Нюрнберге и Shot Show в Лас-Вегасе, где демонстрирует свои новейшие разработки и достижения. В 2018 году компания подписала контракт с Управлением оборонной промышленности Турции на поставку 8000 гранатометов.
ATA Arms также активно использует социальные сети для взаимодействия с клиентами и получения обратной связи. Компания регулярно публикует новости и обновления на своих страницах в Facebook и Instagram.
Заключение
ATA Arms – это компания с богатой историей и инновационным подходом к производству оружия. Благодаря высокому качеству продукции и постоянному стремлению к совершенству, ATA Arms заслужила признание как на внутреннем, так и на международном рынке. Охотники и стрелки по всему миру ценят продукцию ATA Arms за ее надежность, точность и инновационные решения.
Here are five lesser-known facts about Toyota:
1. **Origins in Textiles**: Toyota originally started as a textile company. Kiichiro Toyoda founded the Toyota Motor Corporation in 1937 as a spinoff from his father Sakichi Toyoda's company, which was known for its automatic looms. The Toyoda Automatic Loom Works' success provided the initial capital and technical expertise to enter the automotive industry.
2. **First Production Car**: Toyota's first production car was the Model AA, introduced in 1936. It was heavily inspired by American car designs of the time, particularly the Chrysler Airflow. Despite initial challenges, the Model AA set the foundation for Toyota's future success in the automotive industry.
3. **Environmental Leadership**: Toyota is a pioneer in hybrid technology. The Toyota Prius, introduced in 1997, was the world’s first mass-produced hybrid car. It revolutionized the auto industry by combining a gasoline engine with an electric motor, significantly improving fuel efficiency and reducing emissions.
4. **Global Production Network**: Toyota has one of the most extensive global production networks in the automotive industry. The company operates over 50 manufacturing plants in 28 countries, producing vehicles tailored to meet the needs and preferences of local markets. This global footprint has been key to Toyota’s status as one of the world's largest automakers.
5. **Commitment to Innovation**: Toyota has a strong commitment to continuous improvement, a philosophy known as "Kaizen." This principle drives the company to constantly refine its processes, products, and technologies. One notable example is the Toyota Production System (TPS), a highly efficient manufacturing methodology that has been widely adopted across various industries and is considered a benchmark for operational excellence. #ford #jdm #Toyota #car #offroad #familycar #Wrangler #4x4offroad
K roku 2017 se jediná životaschopná populace tetřeva hlušce v Česku nacházela na Šumavě, kde se vyskytovalo přes 90 % všech tetřevů na českém území. Počet tetřevů na Šumavě zaznamenal během 20. století prudký pokles, který dosáhl dna počátkem 90. let, kdy se počty odhadovaly na něco přes 100. Od té doby však populace pomalu roste. Jako hlavní příčina růstu se uvádí nárůst bezzásahových zón (asi 200 km², přičemž celková rozloha potenciálně vhodného habitatu na Šumavě je kolem 500 km²). Nárůstu populace pomohl i zákaz lovu tetřevů (1978 v Československu, 1973 v Bavorsku) a vyhlášení Národního parku Šumava v roce 1991. Na nárůstu šumavské populace se mohlo podepsat i vypuštění tetřevů odchovaných v zajetí, ke kterému v letech 1985–2000 docházelo na německé straně v Bavorském lese a blízkém okolí. Zatímco mezi lety 1985–2000 bylo na německé straně vypuštěno 1258 tetřevů, na české straně bylo mezi lety 1997–1999 vypuštěno 118 jedinců.
V roce 2010 počet šumavských tetřevů narostl na cca 300. Tento stav si tetřevi podrželi víceméně po celá 10. léta 21. století. Největší část šumavské populace žije ve střední a západní části šumavského národní parku u hranic s Německem. Velké množství jedinců se tak vyskytuje na české i německé straně (v Bavorském lese). Ne všichni tetřevi se nachází na území národního parku Šumava; část se nachází v CHKO Šumava a v ptačích oblastech Velký a Malý Javor a Schwarzeck. Hnízdiště šumavských tetřevů se nacházejí téměř výhradně v nadmořské výšce 1000–1370 m (výjimečně již od 800 m) a jsou soustředěna hlavně na centrální pláně modravské a kvildské a vysoké polohy železnorudské hornatiny, včetně kotliny horní Křemelné.
Tetřev hlušec patrně přežívá i v Beskydech. Jeho počty je složité odhadnout, nejspíše se bude jednat jen o několik jedinců, případně nižší desítky. Mezi lety 2014–2016 byl v Beskydech potvrzen výskyt 10 tetřevů. V Českém lese, kde se tetřevi dlouhodobě vypouštějí z odchovů, se podle odhadů z roku 2016 vyskytuje kolem 30–40 kusů. Ojediněle se tetřev hlušec vyskytne i v Krkonoších, Krušných horách nebo Jeseníkách.
Esimene meile teadaolev jahiorganisatsioon Eestis asutati 1869. aastal Pärnus. Jahiseaduse vastuvõtmine 1934. aastal oli pöördepunkt Eesti jahinduse arengus. Jahiorganisatsioonide arv hakkas kasvama, mille tulemusena asutati 1967. aastal Eesti Jahimeeste Selts. Praegu on Eesti Jahimeeste Selts Eesti suurim jahindusorganisatsioon, kuhu kuulub üle 15 000 liikme. Eesti Jahimeeste Selts on alates 1994. aastast C.I.C (suurim jahimehi koondav organisatsioon üle maailma) liige, 1991. aastast FACE liige (Euroopa Liidu jahiorganisatsioone ühendav organisatsioon).
Alates 1997. aastast on Eesti FITASC liige (organisatsioon, mis koordineerib skeet-laskmist ning annab välja ka õigusi Euroopa ja maailma meistrivõistlustele).
Редкое погодное явление: на Тайвань обрушился майский снегопад
На самую высокую гору Тайваня в понедельник днем обрушился редкий майский снегопад, вызванный сильными и очень влажными восточными ветрами, сообщает Focus Taiwan.
По данным Центрального бюро погоды (CWB), подобная погодная «аномалия» случилась в мае на Юйшане, также известном как гора Нефрит, только пятый раз с 1990 года. Снегопады наблюдались здесь также в 1995, 1997, 2000 и 2011 годах. Самый поздний снегопад — 31 мая 1955 года.
Снег обрушился на гору в 13:30 и продолжался до 14:10 понедельника, а затем перешел в дождь.
По состоянию на 14:00 на 3858-метровом Северном пике Юйшань высота зимних осадков достигла 0,5 см.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vaaEOirJC4M
На сколько оправдана охота на диких зверей в современном мире?
Каждый год среди противников и сторонников охоты возникают споры. Охотники рассматривают акт преследования и убийства диких животных: медведей, волков, лосей и других, как гуманные, необходимые и естественные. Критики отвечают, что охота - это жестокий и бесполезный поступок, которого следует стыдиться.
Почему современные люди охотятся? Специалисты различают три вида охоты: охота для получения продуктов питания, охота с целью регулирования численности диких животных, и спортивная охота.
В современном мире на диких животных с целью пропитания охотятся различные малочисленные народы, живущие в труднодоступных местах нашей планеты, то есть там, где это единственный способ добыть себе на обед мясо, а до ближайшего супермаркета сотни километров.
Охота с целью регулирования численности диких животных, как правило, проводится по рекомендациям ученых и под их наблюдением. Так, например, на Галапагосских островах в период с 1997 по 2006 год учеными была привлечена группа охотников для уничтожения тысяч диких коз, которые под корень уничтожали всю растительность на островах, угрожая выживанию галапагосских черепах и многих других редких видов.
Спортивная охота отличается тем, что на диких животных охотятся исключительно для удовольствия. Охотники, которые охотятся, например, на оленей, делают это для того, чтобы испытать сильные эмоции. А мясо и рога являются дополнительным приятным бонусом.
Критики часто утверждают, что охота аморальна, потому что она требует преднамеренного причинения вреда невинным существам. Ведь давно известно, что млекопитающие, на которых чаще всего охотятся, способны испытывать боль и страдание.
Однако, когда лев одним ударом своей когтистой лапы сбивает с ног быстроногую газель, он причиняет газели больше мучений, чем любой охотник. Льва оправдывает только то, что он убивает свою добычу с единственной целью, чтобы выжить.
Поэтому противники охоты нередко утверждают, что охота морально допустима, только в том случае, если она необходима для выживания охотника. Они считают, что получение удовольствия от охоты аморально.
В дискуссиях о нравственности охоты часто звучит утверждение, что охота это естественная деятельность человека с незапамятных времен, поэтому охота не может быть аморальной. То, что естественно, то ни аморально.
И такая вера в связь между добром и естественностью сохраняется у многих людей и сегодня, но не дает ответов на многие вопросы.
Имеет ли значение, что используют охотники в своей деятельности: пули, стрелы или ловушки? Достаточно ли цели сохранения культурной традиции народа, для оправдания охоты на диких животных? И нужно ли противостоять охоте, если ее противники едят мясо, выращенное на ферме?
Винтовка для Шумахера
В 11-м номере журнала «ОХОТА» (2022 г.) была опубликована статья Татьяны Бантовской «Коллекционная винтовка из Ферлаха», которую изготовил оружейник Франц Зодиа
С большим интересом прочитал эту статью, поскольку история оружейного дела в Ферлахе давно меня интересовала. Кроме того, некоторые особенности конструкции этой винтовки оказались очень похожими на две винтовки, которые сделал для немецкого автогонщика Ральфа Шумахера племянник Франца Зодиа — Вернер.
Первое знакомство
Мы познакомились с Вернером более двадцати лет тому назад на одной из первых международных оружейных выставок в Москве. Он показывал три или четыре ружья, которые нам казались привезенными с другой планеты. Они были невиданного уровня выделки и компоновки. Вернер, окончив Высшую оружейную школу в Ферлахе, с 1989 года работал как индивидуальный мастер-оружейник, продолжая традиции производства эксклюзивного охотничьего оружия. Сегодняшний ассортимент его оружия может удовлетворить любого охотника, причем независимо от того, какие виды охот он предпочитает. Оружие со знаком Sodia сочетает в себе лучшие современные достижения в области проектирования, материаловедения, технологии обработки с традициями общей компоновки оружия, его эстетических составляющих, включающих геометрические и цветовые соотношения элементов, а также характер художественной гравировки. Данное оружие представляет собой новейшую интерпретацию лучших оружейных достижений конца XX века и потому имеет особую историческую ценность. И мы благодарны Вернеру Зодиа за то, что он доносит до нас эти образцы высочайшего мастерства.
Одноствольные переломные винтовки для Ральфа Шумахера
Мы беседовали с Вернером, а вскоре он прислал эксклюзивные фотографии Ральфа и его штуцеров. Большинству людей Ральф Шумахер известен как суперавтогонщик. Свободное время младший брат великого гонщика «Формулы‑1», 7-кратного чемпиона мира Михаэля Шумахера часто проводит на охоте, к которой приобщился с детства. Недалеко от Зальцбурга находятся охотничьи угодья, которыми он владеет вместе с двумя друзьями. Как и у большинства европейских охотников, у Ральфа Шумахера серьезный арсенал оружия самых известных фирм: Browning, Blaser, Merkel, Zoli. В начале двухтысячных по его заказу Вернер сделал принципиально новый штуцер. Думается, что Ральф обоснованно гордится своим новым ружьем. Интересно узнать, почему опытный и состоятельный человек заказал и приобрел именно это оружие? В значительной степени это объясняется оружейным мастерством Вернера, который в течение нескольких лет стажировался у своего дяди Франца Зодиа, стремящегося сохранять лучшие европейские оружейные традиции. Именно поэтому винтовки племянника напоминают оружие, изготовленное его дядей. Сегодня нарезные ружья Вернера отличаются высокой кучностью боя, большим ресурсом и эстетическим совершенством. Это определяется надежными конструкторскими решениями, использованием современных материалов и тщательностью изготовления всех деталей, причем в первую очередь — стволов.
Медальон пистолетной рукоятки винтовки Ральфа Шумахера украшен искусно выполненной монограммой
Новый «старый» патрон
Конечно, главным свойством любого оружия является качество боя, определяемое комплексом «оружие — патрон». Патрон, пожалуй, главный фактор. Штуцер, который держит в руках Ральф Шумахер, сделан под новый высокоскоростной патрон типа «ультрамагнум» калибра 7 мм STW (Shooting Time Western). Он выпускается всего лишь с 1997 года, хотя был разработан в 1987 году Лейном Симпсоном (Layn Simpson).
Кому-то может показаться, что 1997 год рождения не позволяет сегодня считать этот патрон новорожденным. Однако это не совсем так. Боеприпасы к нарезному оружию, как правило, живут очень долго, обычно дольше первых образцов оружия, разработанных под них. На бескрайних просторах Сибири большинство промысловиков используют патрон 7,62 х 54R, созданный еще в XIX веке (и оружие того же возраста). А в перехваленных Соединенных Штатах одним из самых популярных патронов этого калибра и сейчас является .30–06, которому тоже более ста лет.
Два разных нарезных калибра в двуствольном штуцере — отличная возможность охотиться на всех представителей Альп, да и не только на них. Создать такое оружие и сделать его не только красивым, но еще удобным и точным — под силу лишь большому мастеру
О патроне детально
Патрон, разработанный Симпсоном, предназначен для охоты на крупного зверя и стрельбы с больших дистанций. Основой нового боеприпаса является поясковая гильза патрона 8 мм Remington Magnum длиной 72,39 мм, у которой незначительно уменьшен диаметр корпуса и упрочнено дульце. Общая длина патрона 92,71 мм. Если под этот патрон создавать карабин с продольно-скользящим затвором, то это неизбежно потребует мощного затвора с длинным ходом, особенно при традиционных передних боевых упорах. При серьезном (длинном и массивном) стволе центр тяжести оружия неизбежно «уплывет» далеко вперед от оптимального положения, которым считается средняя точка оружия между правой и левой кистью при изготовке к стрельбе из положения стоя. Именно поэтому для такого патрона больше подходит штуцерная, «переломная» компоновка. Новый патрон уже получил много восторженных отзывов от охотников, и его выпускают известные фирмы: Winchester, Remington, Federal Cartridge Co, A-Square и другие, снаряжая пулями более чем десяти типов с массами от 9,07 до 10,37 г. При этом начальная скорость пули находится в пределах 975–1031 м/c, а дульная энергия — 4670–4935 Дж.
На боковых досках винтовки безукоризненно выполненные гравюры, изображающие охотничьих животных в естественной среде.
От патрона к штуцеру
При стрельбе пулей Sierra Game King весом 10,37 г превышение траектории пули над линией прицеливания при стрельбе «в ноль» на 300 м составляет: на дистанции 100 м — плюс 9,15 см, на 200 м — плюс 11,5 мм, на 400 м — минус 26,7 см, на 500 м — минус 70,7 см. Пожалуй, эти патроны обеспечивают самую настильную траекторию пуль, что делает их очень эффективными для стрельбы на значительные дистанции. Относительно большая масса пуль обеспечивает устойчивость к сносу ветром. Принцип единства противоположностей приводит к тому, что эти мощные патроны имеют и определенные недостатки, к которым можно отнести жесткую отдачу. Кроме того, высокое давление пороховых газов и большая величина ускорения пули в стволе активно подрывают его ресурс. Эти свойства патронов и потребовали специальной разработки оружия. В такой ситуации мастер-штучник имеет серьезные преимущества перед крупными оружейными предприятиями. Он может значительно быстрее создать оружие под новый перспективный боеприпас и оптимизировать его для разных видов охот.
Металл и дерево цевья системы Эдж-Дили гармонирует с эстетикой всей винтовки.
Штуцеры Вернера Зодиа
Под этот сильный патрон Вернер Зодиа сконструировал крепкий штуцер с мощным стволом и колодкой, усиленной боковыми приливами. Колодка воспринимает большую нагрузку от отдачи, которая стремится отломить ее верхнюю часть или открыть ружье. В штуцере смонтирован запирающий механизм Керстена, поскольку у него большой момент сопротивления этому раскрытию. Более того, керстеновский затвор надежнее удерживает ствол от горизонтальных колебаний по сравнению с более распространенным гринеровским. Кроме верхнего керстеновского затвора, стволы запираются еще в колодке рамкой Перде на два подствольных крюка. Подчеркнем, что для одноствольного штуцера колодка усилена не только в ширину, но и в высоту, что улучшает фиксацию стволов. Для повышения устойчивости стволов к высокотемпературной эрозии они изготовлены из высоколегированной ствольной стали, содержащей хром, никель и молибден. Она очень прочная и жесткая (ствол при легком ударе издает звон высокого тона). Конечно, значительная толщина ствола и его материал не позволяют стрелять из штуцера «длинными очередями». Это ограничение связано с тем, что легированные стали имеют более низкую теплопроводность по сравнению с обычными ствольными. Поэтому при интенсивной стрельбе они быстро перегреваются. Но ведь современная охотничья этика и не предполагает частой стрельбы. Ее девиз: «Один патрон — один зверь». Для современного европейского охотничьего нарезного оружия очень типично наличие шнеллера. На штуцере Шумахера установлен хорошо проверенный более чем за век немецкий шнеллер, позволяющий регулировать натяжение спуска вплоть до нескольких граммов. Длина ствола у штуцера 650 мм, шаг нарезов 250 мм. Пять пробоин от пуль типа Core Lokt весом 9,072 г на дистанции 100 м укладываются в круг диаметром 25 мм.
Ontario set to expand areas where dogs can learn to hunt live coyotes in penned areas
Ontario wants to expand a licensing regime that allows residents to unleash dogs in an enclosed area to teach them how to hunt captive coyotes, foxes and rabbits.
Hunters say there is a growing demand for the dog sport, which is often referred to as training and trialing, while animal advocates call it a cruel practice for the captive prey.
The province’s natural resources and forestry minister said the government wants to allow more of the hunting facilities to prevent the sport from moving underground.
“These facilities are going to become less and less over time unless we take some level of intervention,” Graydon Smith said in an interview.
“The one thing that we also wouldn’t want to see is in the absence of these facilities that dog owners and their handlers are out doing this on other private land or Crown land where there could be unwanted interactions with both people and wildlife.”
In 1997, then-premier Mike Harris’s Progressive Conservative government began phasing out the practice by ceasing the issuance of licenses required to operate dog trial areas in the province. It also made it illegal to sell or transfer those licenses.
At that time there were upwards of 60 such areas across Ontario. They are all on private property and must be completely enclosed.
There are now only 24 licensed train and trial areas across the province.
The province has proposed to grant new licenses through a one-time 90-day application period and allow licenses to be transferred to new owners, a summary of proposed changes on the Environmental Registry of Ontario shows.
The prey that will be hunted, usually coyotes, must be caught legally, often through traplines, the registry says.
“This isn’t about active hunting or anything like that,” Smith said. “This is about animals that are bred for this purpose.”
The government’s proposals were sent out for public comment in early April and close on May 18. The proposed changes are part of an omnibus bill tabled in early April called the Less Red Tape, Stronger Economy Act.
John Bell, the president of the Ontario Sporting Dog Association, said Wednesday at a legislative committee studying the bill that the closure of dedicated training and trialing areas have forced hunters to “run their dogs” in the wild.
Christine Hogarth, the parliamentary assistant for the solicitor general, who is in charge of animal welfare in the province, pressed Bell on the safety of all animals in the training and trialing pens.
Bell, who owns a large pen for the sport and trains his dogs to hunt coyotes, said there are rules in place for animal safety.
“The regulations call for us to have brush piles, dens, or man-made escape units, we call them pods,” Bell said.
He has built pods on his own 225-acre pen that includes concrete culverts leading to buried 45-gallon drums that are vented above, he said. The pods are baited with food so the coyotes learn where to hide.
“If they are in danger, they’re in the ground,” he said. “And I can assure you there’s not very many dogs going to go in a 10-inch culvert when there’s an alligator at the other end.”
There are now 33,000 members in the Ontario Sporting Dog Association, which lobbied the government over the past year on the training and trialing licenses.
The dog sport also has competitions. Judges stand throughout the enclosures — some are hundreds of acres in size — to score how well dogs are tracking and hunting down coyotes. The first dog trialing competition in Ontario took place in 1887, Bell said.
The dog trial proposal also has the support of the Ontario Federation of Anglers and Hunters.
“This has been a priority for us for since the beginning of the changes in 1997,” said Kristen Snoek, a wildlife biologist with the federation.
But Camille Labchuk, the executive director of advocacy group Animal Justice, argued the entire practice is inhumane.
“They do some of these contests where dogs chase terrified coyotes around an enclosed pen, and they also train the dogs to kill the coyotes so that they can later use those dogs for hunting,” she said.
She said the current Doug Ford Progressive Conservative government could learn from the Harris government in the late 1990s.
“The Harris government did a number of things to protect wild animals from some of the worst hunting lobbyists by ending the spring bear hunt and phasing out penned coyote hunting,” Labchuk said.
The Liberal government reintroduced the spring bear hunt in Ontario as a pilot program in 2014, which Ford’s government made permanent in 2021.
Nell'Ultima Foresta Vergine d'Italia: Calendario Venatorio nella Sila con Date e Aree Consentite
La Sila , cuore verde della Calabria, è una delle aree più suggestive e ricche di biodiversità dell’Italia meridionale. Con i suoi vasti boschi di faggi, abeti e querce, i laghi cristallini e le ampie praterie, questa regione montuosa offre ai cacciatori un ambiente unico e variegato. La fauna abbonda e comprende specie come il cinghiale , la lepre , il cinghiale sardo , la volpe , il piccione , il merlo , il tordo bottaccio e molte altre. In questo articolo analizziamo nel dettaglio i periodi di caccia, le normative regionali, come ottenere le licenze e i consigli pratici per chi vuole cacciare in questa splendida area protetta.
Stagioni e calendario venatorio nella Sila
La stagione principale di caccia nella Sila va generalmente da settembre a gennaio, con alcune specie che possono essere cacciate fino a febbraio se si tratta di attività di controllo demografico. Il calendario venatorio regionale è stabilito annualmente dalla Regione Calabria ed è consultabile online o presso gli uffici provinciali. Negli ultimi anni sono state introdotte restrizioni per alcune specie migratorie, come il tordo bottaccio, per tutelarne la conservazione. Altre specie, come il corvo e il piccione urbano, possono essere cacciate quasi tutto l’anno ma solo nell’ambito di piani di controllo autorizzati.
Specie cacciabili e periodi ideali
I periodi migliori per la caccia dipendono dalla specie:
Da settembre a novembre si concentrano le attività su uccelli migratori come tortora, starna, fagiano, tordo bottaccio e merlo.
L’inverno (dicembre-gennaio) è il momento migliore per la caccia al cinghiale , alla lepre e alla volpe , quando gli animali si muovono maggiormente in cerca di cibo.
La caccia alle specie protette è vietata durante il periodo riproduttivo, solitamente tra marzo e luglio.
Grazie al clima temperato e alla presenza di habitat variabili, la Sila si rivela un’ottima zona per la caccia autunnale e invernale, soprattutto nelle aree pianeggianti intorno ai laghi e nei versanti esposti a sud.
Divieti, limitazioni e protezione ambientale
La Sila è una zona protetta riconosciuta come Parco Nazionale dal 1997, e questo comporta alcune restrizioni significative per i cacciatori. All’interno del nucleo centrale del parco la caccia è completamente vietata. Nelle aree periferiche e negli Ambiti Territoriali di Caccia (ATS), invece, è possibile praticare la caccia seguendo le normative regionali.
Tra le principali limitazioni:
Divieto assoluto di caccia in periodo di riproduzione (marzo-luglio).
Specie protette : aquila reale, falco pellegrino, gufo reale, cervo sardo, lupo.
Limitazioni per sesso ed età : non è consentito sparare a femmine con prole visibile o a giovani non autosufficienti.
Queste misure servono a garantire un prelievo equilibrato e rispettoso degli ecosistemi naturali presenti in una delle aree più delicate del Sud Italia.
Come ottenere il permesso per cacciare nella Sila
Per poter cacciare legalmente nella Sila è necessario possedere:
una licenza di porto d’armi valida;
un tesserino regionale venatorio , acquistibile online tramite il sistema regionale;
l’appartenenza a un Ambito Territoriale di Caccia (ATS) o a un’associazione venatoria riconosciuta (es. Federcaccia, Enalcaccia).
Ogni anno è richiesto il pagamento di un contributo regionale (circa €50-60) e, in alcuni casi, la partecipazione a corsi specifici per la gestione del territorio e la conservazione della fauna.
Sanzioni per violazioni delle normative
Le sanzioni per chi infrange le regole di caccia nella Sila sono severe. Chi viene sorpreso a cacciare fuori stagione o all’interno delle zone protette può incorrere in multe fino a 3.000 euro , oltre alla confisca delle armi e dell’attrezzatura utilizzata. In caso di gravi infrazioni, è prevista la revoca della licenza di caccia e denunce penali.
Consigli pratici per cacciare meglio nella Sila
L’abbigliamento e l’equipaggiamento vanno scelti in base al periodo e al tipo di caccia:
In autunno , privilegiare tessuti mimetici e impermeabili, binocoli ad alta definizione e richiami per uccelli migratori.
In inverno , optare per indumenti termici e caldi, appostamenti fissi per osservare movimenti notturni del cinghiale e uso mirato di chiamate.
Tra le tecniche più efficaci:
Per la lepre , caccia a vista nelle prime ore del mattino o al tramonto.
Per il cinghiale , postazioni fisse vicino ai pascoli o lungo i sentieri battuti.
Per i tordi e i merli , richiami vocali e attenzione al vento.
Le aree più produttive si trovano lungo i versanti orientali della Sila Piccola, intorno al Lago di Ariamacina e al Lago di Cecita, dove la selvaggina si concentra grazie alla presenza di cibo e rifugi naturali.
Kristiansand Hunting Clubs in Norway: A Complete Guide for Hunters. Types of Hunting and Game Species, Hunting Associations and Clubs
Geographic and Natural Features for Hunting: Diverse Landscapes and Habitats of Kristiansand Region
Kristiansand, located in southern Norway within the Agder region, offers a unique blend of coastal, forested, and inland landscapes that make it an ideal hunting destination. Key features include:
Forests : Dense spruce and pine forests dominate the inland areas, providing excellent cover for moose (Alces alces ), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus ), and small game like hare and grouse.
Coastal Areas : The Skagerrak coastline near Kristiansand harbors seabirds, migratory waterfowl, and occasional geese during autumn migrations.
Rivers and Lakes : Notable water bodies such as the Otra River and Lake Øyeren attract ducks (mallards, teal) and other waterfowl species.
Mountains : Rolling hills and low mountains create varied terrain for stalking large game.
Climate : Mild coastal weather allows for extended hunting seasons compared to northern Norway, while inland areas experience colder winters suitable for snow-based tracking.
The proximity to Kristiansand’s urban center makes it convenient for hunters, yet its rural surroundings offer vast wilderness areas with minimal human interference.
Hunter Demographics: Understanding the People and Communities of Kristiansand Region
Licensed Hunters : Approximately 1,200 active hunters reside in the Kristiansand area as of 2025 (source: Norwegian Environment Agency).
Age: 65% are aged 40–65; younger hunters (under 35) account for roughly 15%.
Gender: 90% male, though female participation has grown slightly due to outreach programs by local clubs.
Foreign Hunters: Around 8% of permits issued annually go to international visitors, primarily from Germany, Sweden, and Denmark.
Foreign hunters often participate through guided tours or partnerships with local hunting clubs.
Characteristics of Hunting in Kristiansand: Challenges of the Region
Game Abundance : The region boasts healthy populations of moose, roe deer, and waterfowl, thanks to strict conservation measures and abundant natural resources.
Challenges : Dense forests can make tracking difficult, while steep coastal cliffs and tidal changes add complexity to waterfowl hunts. Weather conditions, including rain and fog, require preparation.
Equipment : High-caliber rifles (.308 Win or larger) are standard for moose, while smaller calibers suffice for roe deer. Shotguns with non-toxic ammunition are mandatory for waterfowl.
Types of Hunting and Game Species: A Comprehensive Look at Big Game, Small Game, and Waterfowl Opportunities
Big Game :
Moose : The flagship species of Kristiansand, hunted primarily for meat and trophies. Roe Deer : Increasing populations have made this species more accessible in recent years.
Small Game :
Willow Ptarmigan and Black Grouse : Popular during autumn upland seasons. Hares : Commonly hunted in winter months.
Waterfowl :
Ducks (mallards, teal) and geese are abundant around lakes and wetlands.
Predator Control : Lynx, foxes, and wolves may be hunted under special permits aimed at managing livestock predation.
Hunting Associations and Clubs: The Role of Organizations in Promoting Conservation and Community
Kristiansand Jegerlag : Coordinates licensing, education, and landowner agreements. Organizes annual moose quota lotteries and community events.
Agder Jeger- og Fiskerforbund : Serves as the regional umbrella organization for hunting clubs. Offers safety courses, mentorship programs, and advocacy for sustainable hunting practices.
Local Landowner Cooperatives : Facilitate access to private hunting grounds in exchange for fees or shared harvests.
Guided Hunts : Companies like Southern Norway Adventures cater to foreign hunters seeking fully equipped trips.
Hunting Legislation: Legal Requirements, Quotas, and Ethical Standards for Sustainable Practices
Licensing Requirements : All hunters must pass a theoretical and practical exam to obtain a Norwegian hunting license. Foreign hunters need a licensed guide unless exempted by bilateral agreements (e.g., EU citizens).
Quotas and Landowner Permissions : Moose permits are allocated via lottery systems managed by local associations. Private landowners hold significant influence over access rights.
Weapon Regulations : Rifles must meet caliber requirements (minimum .243 Win for deer, .308 Win for moose). Semi-automatic firearms are prohibited. Non-toxic ammunition is mandatory for waterfowl hunting.
Ethical Standards : Harvested game must be reported within 24 hours. Waste of edible meat is punishable by law.
Regional Traditions Related to Hunting: Celebrating Cultural Heritage and Time-Honored Rituals
Moose Hunt Celebrations : After the season ends, communities gather for feasts featuring moose stew, sausages, and steaks.
Grouse Plucking Competitions : Local events celebrate traditional skills like fast plucking and skinning.
Sustainable Practices : Passed down through generations, these emphasize respect for nature and minimizing waste.
Historically, Kristiansand’s rural economy relied heavily on hunting and fishing, fostering a deep cultural connection that persists today.
Interesting Facts About Hunting in Kristiansand: Fascinating Insights and Notable Highlights from the Region
Otra River Flyway : This river serves as a critical migration corridor for millions of ducks each autumn, making it one of Europe’s premier waterfowl destinations.
Non-Toxic Ammo Pioneer : Norway was one of the first countries to mandate non-toxic ammunition nationwide in 1997, setting a global standard for environmental protection.
#KristiansandHunting #MooseHuntingNorway #NorwegianWildlife #SustainableHunting #RoeDeerHunting #WaterfowlHunting #HuntingSeasons #BigGameHunting #OtraRiver #HuntingRegulations #CulturalHeritage #GrouseHunting #ScandinavianHunting #HuntingCommunity #NonToxicAmmo #ResponsibleHunting
Oslo Fjord Duck Hunting in Norway: Guide for Waterfowl Enthusiasts. Hunting Legislation, Regional Traditions Related to Hunting and Interesting Facts About Hunting
Geographic and Natural Features for Hunting: Exploring the Diverse Landscapes and Habitats of Oslo Fjord
The Oslo Fjord region, located along Norway’s southeastern coast, offers a unique blend of marine and freshwater ecosystems that make it a prime destination for duck hunting. Key features include:
Coastal Wetlands : Extensive marshes and estuaries provide ideal habitats for migratory waterfowl. Areas like the Nedre Glomma Delta and Frierfjorden are particularly rich in biodiversity.
Inland Lakes : Smaller lakes such as Lake Øyeren, Norway’s largest lake, serve as staging areas for ducks during migration seasons.
Fjord Terrain : The rugged coastline and islands create natural windbreaks and sheltered bays where ducks congregate.
Climate : Mild winters compared to northern Norway mean open water remains accessible longer, extending hunting opportunities.
The proximity to Oslo, Norway’s capital, makes this region convenient for urban hunters while still offering remote wilderness experiences.
Hunter Demographics: Understanding the People and Communities of the Region
Licensed Hunters : Approximately 2,500 active duck hunters in the Oslo Fjord region (source: Norwegian Environment Agency , 2025).
Age: 60% aged 40–65; younger hunters (under 35) account for roughly 15%.
Gender: 90% male, though female participation has grown slightly due to outreach programs.
Foreign Hunters: Around 8% of permits issued annually go to international visitors, primarily from Germany, Sweden, and Denmark.
Foreign hunters often participate through guided tours or partnerships with local clubs.
Characteristics of Hunting in Oslo Fjord Challenges and Techniques of the Region
Game Abundance : The region is home to large populations of mallards (Anas platyrhynchos ), teal (Anas crecca ), and wigeons (Mareca penelope ), as well as occasional sightings of rarer species like pintails (Anas acuta ).
Challenges : Weather conditions, including strong coastal winds and tides, require careful planning. Dense reeds and mudflats can also complicate access.
Equipment : Shotguns (12-gauge preferred) with non-toxic ammunition (e.g., steel shot) are mandatory. Decoys, calls, and camouflage gear are essential for effective setups.
Types of Hunting and Game Species: A Comprehensive Look at Big Game, Small Game, and Waterfowl Opportunities
Waterfowl :
Mallards : The most common species, hunted for both sport and meat. Teal : Fast-flying and challenging targets, popular among experienced hunters. Wigeons : Often found in mixed flocks with mallards. Geese : Greylag geese (Anser anser ) and pink-footed geese (Anser brachyrhynchus ) are occasionally hunted under special permits.
Small Game : Limited opportunities for hare and ptarmigan near inland areas.
Predator Control : Foxes may be hunted year-round to protect nesting birds.
Hunting Associations and Clubs: The Role of Organizations in Promoting Conservation and Community
Oslo og Omegn Jegerforbund : Coordinates licensing, education, and landowner agreements. Organizes workshops on sustainable hunting practices.
Glomma Jegerlag : Focuses on waterfowl hunting around Lake Øyeren and the Nedre Glomma Delta. Maintains decoy stations and manages access to wetlands.
Local Landowner Cooperatives : Facilitate access to private hunting grounds in exchange for fees or shared harvests.
Guided Hunts : Companies like Fjord Adventures Norway offer fully equipped trips for foreign hunters unfamiliar with the region.
Hunting Legislation: Legal Requirements, Quotas, and Ethical Standards for Sustainable Practices
Licensing Requirements : All hunters must pass a theoretical and practical exam to obtain a Norwegian hunting license. Foreign hunters need a licensed guide unless exempted by bilateral agreements (e.g., EU citizens).
Quotas and Landowner Permissions : Waterfowl hunting does not have strict quotas but requires registration with local associations. Access to private wetlands and farmland depends on landowner agreements.
Weapon Regulations : Shotguns must meet safety standards; semi-automatics are allowed if registered. Non-toxic ammunition (e.g., steel shot) is mandatory to protect aquatic ecosystems.
Ethical Standards : Harvested game must be reported within 24 hours. Waste of edible meat is punishable by law.
Regional Traditions Related to Hunting: Celebrating Cultural Heritage and Time-Honored Rituals
Duck Roasts : After the season ends, communities gather for feasts featuring roasted duck, smoked goose, and traditional flatbread.
Decoy Carving : Hand-carved wooden decoys are a cherished tradition passed down through generations.
Sustainable Practices : Emphasis on conservation ensures healthy bird populations for future seasons.
Historically, Oslo Fjord’s coastal communities relied heavily on wildfowl for food during harsh winters, fostering a deep cultural connection to waterfowl hunting.
Interesting Facts About Hunting in Oslo Fjord: Fascinating Insights and Notable Highlights from the Region
Lake Øyeren Flyway : This lake serves as a critical stopover for millions of migrating ducks each autumn, making it one of Europe’s premier waterfowl destinations.
Non-Toxic Ammo Pioneer : Norway was one of the first countries to mandate non-toxic ammunition nationwide in 1997, setting a global standard for environmental protection.
Tidal Challenges : Hunters must account for tidal movements when setting up blinds, as rising waters can quickly flood low-lying areas.
Rare Sightings : Occasionally, rare vagrant species like American wigeons or harlequin ducks are spotted, thrilling birdwatchers and hunters alike.
#OsloFjordHunting #DuckHuntingNorway #WaterfowlHunting #NorwegianWildlife #SustainableHunting #MallardHunting #HuntingSeasons #CoastalWetlands #LakeØyeren #HuntingTraditions #NonToxicAmmo #ScandinavianHunting
Blaser: История инноваций в мире охотничьего оружия от 1957 года до наших дней
С 1957 года Blaser создает ружья, которые перевернули представление о точности, надежности и эргономике. В этой статье — ключевые даты, технологии и модели, сделавшие бренд фаворитом профессиональных охотников и спортсменов.
Основание и ранние годы (1957–1980)
Компания Blaser Jagdwaffen основана в Исни-им-Алльгой (Германия) оружейным инженером Хорстом Блазером. Первые годы бренд занимался ремонтом и модернизацией оружия, но уже к 1960-м начал выпуск собственных моделей:
- 1962 — производство нарезных стволов для винтовок Mauser.
- 1974 — слияние с J.P. Sauer & Sohn, что позволило расширить линейку охотничьего оружия.
В 1980-х Blaser сосредоточился на разработке революционных систем перезарядки, которые позже стали его визитной карточкой.
Прорыв: система прямого действия затвора (1990–2000)
Blaser R93 (1993)
Первая в мире винтовка с затвором прямого действия (Straight Pull Bolt Action), представленная в 1993 году. Особенности:
- Скорость перезарядки: 2–3 секунды благодаря отсутствию поворота рукояти.
- Безопасность: Встроенный предохранитель, блокирующий ударник.
- Модульность: Быстрая замена стволов (от .222 Rem до .500 Jeffery).
R93 стала хитом среди охотников на крупную дичь в Африке и Европе. В 1997 году модель получила награду «Лучшая охотничья винтовка» на выставке IWA.
Эра R8 и F16: технологии нового тысячелетия (2000–2020)
Blaser R8 (2008)
Эволюция R93 с улучшенной эргономикой и универсальностью:
- Система смены стволов LRS²: Переключение калибров за 60 секунд.
- Trigger Tech: Регулируемый спуск (1.2–2 кг).
- Калибры: От 6.5 Creedmoor до .375 H&H.
Blaser F16 (2012)
Спортивное ружье с вертикальным расположением стволов для стендовой стрельбы:
- Баланс: Смещенный центр тяжести для плавного вскидывания.
- Затвор SSD: Самозакрывающийся механизм для безопасности.
Blaser B95 Double Rifle (2019)
Двухствольная винтовка в стиле «сафари» под мощные патроны (.470 Nitro Express, 9.3x74R).
Современные инновации (2020–2024)
- Blaser R8 Ultimate Carbon (2022): Ствол из карбона, вес всего 2.9 кг.
- Интеграция прицелов с системой Swarovski Optik (2023).
- Мобильное приложение Blaser App для настройки баллистики (2024).
Популярные модели Blaser
1. Blaser R93 Professional Success
- Особенности: Затвор прямого действия, керамическое покрытие ствола.
- Калибры: .30-06 Springfield, .300 Win Mag.
2. Blaser K95 Single Shot
- Ниша: Охота в горах.
- Вес: 2.5 кг (версия Alpine).
3. Blaser S2 Max Success
- Тип: Двустволка с вертикальными стволами.
- Фишки: Автоматические эжекторы, гравировка «глухарь».
Почему охотники выбирают Blaser?
1. Скорость перезарядки: Система Straight Pull экономит время в критических ситуациях.
2. Точность: Кучность до 0.5 MOA (R8 Ultimate).
3. Модульность: Одна винтовка — 10+ калибров.
4. Надежность: Тестирование каждой модели 5000 выстрелов.
Blaser сегодня: цифры и факты
- 🏭 80% деталей производятся на заводе в Исни (Германия).
- 🌍 Экспорт в 90 стран, включая РФ, США и ЮАР.
- 🏆 67 лет на рынке — 98% винтовок Blaser R93 до сих пор в эксплуатации.
В 2025 году компания остается лидером в сегменте премиального оружия, выпуская ружья для трофейной охоты, спорта и тактических задач.
Итог: Blaser — это выбор тех, кто ценит скорость, точность и немецкое качество. Если вы готовы инвестировать в ружье, которое переживет десятки сезонов и не подведет в ответственный момент, Blaser станет вашим надежным партнером.
#Blaser #Охота #ОхотничьиРужья #НемецкоеОружие #R8
Ирландский терьер
Ирландия дала путевку в жизнь четырем разновидностям терьеров, каждая из которых обладает уникальным экстерьером и совсем не похожа на своих английских сородичей. Что касается непосредственно ирландского терьера, то письменных источников, способных пролить свет на истоки породы, почти не сохранилось. Да, теоретически «ирландцы» остаются самыми древними питомцами, появившимися в «стране трилистников и лепреконов» чуть ли не на заре нашей эры. Однако доказательством этого утверждения служат расплывчатые выдержки из старинных манускриптов, которые зачастую слишком субъективно-оценочны, чтобы принимать их за документальные описания.
По-настоящему развиваться порода начала со второй половины XIX века. Так, в 1875 г. ее представители засветились на выставке в Глазго, а год спустя – на аналогичном мероприятии в английском Брайтоне. В 1879 году животные обзавелись собственным клубом со штаб-квартирой в Дублине, что добавило им баллов в глазах заводчиков. При этом важно понимать, что собаки тех лет уступали сегодняшним особям по внешним показателям. Например, шеи первых «ирландцев» были более массивными, морды объемными, а тела не столь спортивными. Кроме того, поначалу животным купировали не только хвосты, но и уши.
В конце XIX века ирландские терьеры получили признание Английского Кеннел-клуба, что уравняло их в правах с другими породами. Однако настоящий звездный час ждал уроженцев Изумрудного острова на фронтах Первой мировой, где их использовали как связных. В царившей на полях сумятице, сбивавшей с толку даже самых спокойных собак, ирландские терьеры никогда не теряли выдержки и идеально подходили на роль искателей мин и помощников санитаров.
После войны популярность терьеров начала снижаться, и к началу 30-х годов отыскать на выставках эталонного «ирландца» стало почти невозможно. Предельно сократились и племенные базы европейских питомников – главных поставщиков чистокровных производителей. Обеспокоенные надвигающейся деградацией породы, кинологи и любители попытались вернуть к ней обывательский интерес. Так, в 1933 году коммерсант Гордон Селфридж даже организовал выставку ирландских терьеров в павильонах собственного универмага.
В Россию ирландские терьеры попали после Великой Отечественной войны. В частности, первая представительница этого семейства была привезена в СССР в конце 1940-х. Раздобыть соответствующего кобеля для рыжей «эмигрантки» оказалось непросто, поэтому поначалу суку вязали с керри-блю- и вельш-фокстерьерами. Но уже в 50-х годах проблему разведения породы в российских реалиях решил польский питомник. Именно он передал в союз пару «ирландцев» мужского пола, к которым позднее присоединились особи из ГДР. На протяжении нескольких десятилетий кровь отечественного поголовья систематически освежалась, однако на международных выставках ирландские терьеры «советского разлива» все равно не котировались. Лишь после того, как в 1997 году в страну импортировали британских производителей, порода приобрела более утонченный облик, получив допуск на европейские ринги.
Hunting in Brazil: What are the options?
Abstract
In Brazil most forms of hunting and keeping of wild animals are illegal, although they remain widely practiced and are deeply culturally embedded in many regions. The drivers of such widespread non-compliance are poorly understood and evidence to support future policy decisions is generally lacking. In this paper, we seek to stimulate a critical debate on how to deal with hunting in Brazil by analysing the main factors driving non-compliance with current legislation. This is particularly timely given that several amendments to existing legislation are currently under consideration. Our analysis suggests that, while there are no simple solutions to non-compliance, a targeted suite of the following policy options could improve the monitoring, sustainability and conservation consequences of hunting in Brazil: (i) simplifying the process to become a registered subsistence hunter; (ii) expanding participation in licensing schemes; (iii) investing in pilot studies and assessing their environmental and socioeconomic impacts; (iv) expanding community-based management programmes; (v) trailing education and social marketing campaigns. These policy options are geographically and social-context specific and would be most effectively be implemented at regional or sub-regional scales.
Introduction
Nearly all countries have extensive legal frameworks designed to carefully regulate human interactions with the natural environment. Many of these laws have been carefully drafted to align with global treaties (such as the CBD and CITES) and specifically prohibit the over-exploitation or degradation of certain natural resources. Some countries, such as Brazil, go even further and prohibit most forms of hunting and keeping of wild animals. And yet… hunting is still remarkably widespread throughout Brazil (de Azevedo Chagas et al., 2015, El Bizri et al., 2015), prosecutions are rare (Barreto et al., 2009, Kuhnen and Kanaan, 2014) and fines resulting from prosecutions are hardly ever paid (da Silva and Bernard, 2016). Moreover, the very fact that it is illegal means that it is very hard to gather data about either the hunters or the species they are exploiting, leaving local conservation managers to make decisions in an information vacuum.
According to the Wildlife Protection Law (Law No. 5197/67), wildlife hunting and trade in Brazil is criminalized. However, the current law and its subsequent revisions (Law No. 7653/88) distinguish between predatory and non-predatory hunting. The first refers to commercial hunting and poaching and is fully criminalized. In contrast, non-predatory hunting (including subsistence hunting, hunting for controlling wildlife populations, hunting for scientific purposes, and recreational/sport hunting) should be regulated, monitored and controlled. Theoretically, the only barrier to legally practice non-predatory hunting in Brazil is to obtain a license – through this process is both costly and bureaucratic (Pinheiro, 2014). Given the lack of incentives for private individuals to engage with this process, most hunting in Brazil (whether predatory or non-predatory) continues to be unregulated and illegal with significant negative consequences for animal populations, biodiversity and ecosystem processes (Antunes et al., 2016, Cullen et al., 2001, de Araujo Lima Constantino, 2016, Tabarelli et al., 2010).
Recognizing the weaknesses of existing legislation, Brazil's congress is currently debating a new proposal (PL 6268/2016) which, if approved, will revoke the current Wildlife Protection Law and promote the creation of private hunting reserves. Significantly, the new proposal will not explicitly prohibit commercial hunting, and has the potential to increase wildlife trafficking and animal suffering. While supporters of the new legislation claim that it will finally regulate hunting in Brazil, many environmentalists see this as a retrograde step. Interestingly, while the new proposal was being debated, São Paulo's state government approved a law (PL299/2018) which ban all forms of wild animal keeping and hunting within the state. Such decision has direct impact on the control of the invasive wild pig in the state, which was previously regulated by a Federal Decree (Instrução Normativa Ibama 03/2013).
Whether (or not) there will be a change in the federal legislation, there is a broad consensus among academics, practitioners and wildlife managers that hunting is a major conservation issue in Brazil (Fernandes-Ferreira and Nóbrega Alves, 2017, Fernandez et al., 2012). From a technical perspective, there is a general lack of data about wildlife and population dynamics in Brazil and, more generally, in Latin America (Roper, 2006). Additionally, designing effective policies to protect wildlife and manage different species across megadiverse regions spanning from semi-arid and savannah environments (Caatinga and Cerrado) to the world's largest tropical wetland area (Pantanal) is extremely challenging (Alves and Souto, 2011). To further complicate this picture, hunting is culturally discouraged in much of Brazil, especially among urban populations (Marchini and Crawshaw, 2015). In contrast, the social acceptability of hunting is usually greater in rural areas where livelihoods are traditionally more reliant on the exploitation of natural resources (Gama et al., 2016, Bragagnolo et al., 2017a, Bragagnolo et al., 2017b). Thus, the development of effective conservation strategies also requires identifying and assessing the relative importance of the factors that motivate illegal practices within specific socio-political and economic contexts (Duffy et al., 2016). Nevertheless, our understanding of why people hunt in Brazil is rudimentary a frequently anecdotal. For example, while poverty may drive subsistence hunting in some remote rural areas of poorest regions, hunting behaviour seems to cross socio-economic boundaries (El Bizri et al., 2015). Moreover, a perceived lack of enforcement could encourage non-compliance for economic gain, or even for social enjoyment and/or prestige (Regueira and Bernard, 2012).
In this context, enlarging our understanding of what is driving such widespread non-compliance is an important initial step towards developing more effective policies to deal with non-compliant behaviours and better supporting wildlife management across the country. In the following article, we consider the main factors which could be driving non-compliance with hunting legislation in Brazil with the aim of stimulating a critical debate on how to deal with hunting in the future.
Drivers of non-compliance with hunting legislation
Perhaps the first prerequisite of compliance is being aware of rules. Ignorance of the law is among the most important drivers of non-compliance with environmental regulations (Winter and May, 2001). This might be compounded by high levels of social acceptability and participation: it could be considered rational to believe that an activity is legal if it is widely and freely practiced. Moreover, communication of legal obligations relating to hunting may be ineffective. For example, studies conducted in Nigeria (Adefalu et al., 2013) and Madagascar (Keane et al., 2011) indicate higher levels of ignorance about wildlife laws and policies among local hunters with no formal education, less educated individuals and those not involved with tourism and community-based resource management. Ignorance of hunting laws is a common reason for non-compliance, even in developed countries (Eliason, 2004), but may be especially problematic in areas where illiteracy is still high. Such a situation is prevalent in remote rural areas and poorer states of Brazil. Furthermore, even if prohibitions on hunting are recognized, some rural residents may lack a comprehensive understanding about its complex requirements and bureaucratic hurdles (i.e. the licensing system regulating non-predatory hunting) or they may associate hunting ban only inside Protected Areas (Bragagnolo et al., 2017a, Bragagnolo et al., 2017b). Additionally, education campaigns and outreach activities aimed at raising public awareness about wildlife hunting are generally rare, and/or not effectively targeted. Public debates concerning illegal exploitation of natural resources and hunting are also sporadic and commonly addressed by a mixture of academics, conservationists, decision-makers and anti-poaching activists.
Poverty is another factor often considered as an underlying motivation for illegal wildlife hunting, the implication being that the rural poor are driven to hunt by the absence of livelihood alternatives and the comparatively cheap prices of wildlife products (Apaza et al., 2002, De Merode et al., 2004). However, since poor people may hunt for both subsistence (“cooking pot”) and income (“pocket book”) (Kahler and Gore, 2012), distinguishing between commercial hunting and subsistence hunting is very challenging (Duffy et al., 2016, Fa et al., 2002). In rural Africa for example, Brashares et al. (2011) showed that wildlife consumption follows a very complex rural-urban gradient that includes subsistence-based rural consumption (the poorest people from more isolated settlements consume more bush-meat), mixed subsistence-commercial hunting (small scale farmers), hunting for commercial urban markets (wealthier households in settlements nearer to urban areas consume more bush-meat), and even hunting for the international trade in bush-meat.
In Brazil, subsistence hunting is not technically illegal and is allowed on Indigenous Lands and poor rural areas as a means to ensure the rights of indigenous populations (traditional hunting) and to improve food security of rural people living in poverty. However, due to the current illegality of commercial hunting and the bureaucratic hurdles to officially register as a subsistence hunter, it is difficult to get accurate figures on the prevalence, geographic distribution or temporal trends of these activities. This is further complicate by poor management and enforcement with clear implications for wildlife, especially game species (Peres and Nascimento, 2006). Moreover, there is evidence that subsistence hunting is increasingly being coupled with commercial hunting as an alternative income source. For example, van Vliet et al. (2015) used questionnaires to reveal how urban hunters in the Amazon hunt for both subsistence and trade. Subsistence hunting and poverty should also be placed in the context of recent social changes. On one hand, the massive federally funded social programmes introduced in the early 2000s in Brazil (i.e. Programa Bolsa Família) have hugely improved the income of poor rural residents, potentially decreasing the ‘need’ to hunt for food. For example, Barboza et al. (2016) showed that the preference for bush-meat over livestock displayed by rural residents in northeast Brazil was more a matter of taste than a dietary necessity. In this region, preferences for wild meat are also traditionally shaped by climate since drought periods make bush-meat the only sources of protein due to crop losses and starvation of livestock and small domestic animals. Urbanization also contributed to change dietary habits and lifestyles blurring the distinction between urban and rural contexts and making processed and industrialized foodstuff more available and affordable even for traditional communities living in the most remote villages (Nardoto et al., 2011). Global urbanization processes are also contributing to changes in human values. For example, in some parts of the World the demand for wild animal products is escalating, driven by wealthier urban individuals who view bush-meat as a status symbol (Drury, 2011, East et al., 2005, Zhang et al., 2008). This situation is especially recognizable in the Brazilian Amazon, where several species such as, for example, the giant river turtle (Podocnemis expansa), have been transformed from a subsistence food for riverine people into a delicacy for high society (Schneider et al., 2011). Other studies point to how cultural drivers are key factors in shaping diet preferences and food-related behaviours of urban dwellers, cautioning about the increasing demand for bush-meat in Amazonian towns (Morsello et al., 2015).
Globalization has also increased the availability of modern weapons and accessories in remote areas, making hunting and trading strategies more efficient (e.g. mobile phones, etc.) and encouraging illegal commercial hunting and trade. In this context, hunting might no longer be driven by basic needs, but may increasingly become a recreational and/or commercial activity. This is certainly true in developed countries such as the United States where social welfare has dramatically reduced the necessity to hunt for poor rural residents, but where wildlife law violation occurs for diverse reasons including (among others) economic gain and recreational satisfaction (Eliason, 2004).
Self-actualization also plays an important role in shaping human behaviour (Maslow, 1943). It is often overlooked that many people hunt and fish because they enjoy it (recreational satisfaction) and such enjoyment is by no means limited to financially privileged and fully licensed individuals in developed countries (Sharp and Wollscheid, 2009). Sport hunters may also be motivated by social relations and the sense of belonging to a group or club (formal or informal). The latter is partially considered in Brazilian law which demands that each sport hunter must be affiliated to a registered shooting club. Hunting can be also practiced to gain prestige and to strengthen social relationships in small communities (Morsello et al., 2015). In Brazil, sport hunting is further perceived by some as having a noble status, reminding citizens of their colonial heritage (Nassaro, 2011). Moreover, recreational hunting may be a symbol of power and immunity from the law, especially for those people that have legal permission to possess firearms (i.e. police officers, security guards, members of shooting clubs).
The widespread acceptance of hunting as a recreational activity has broadly decreased in industrialized and urbanized contemporary societies since the early 1970s in response to shifting ethical and moral attitudes to human relationships with nature (McLeod, 2007, Peterson, 2004). Such concerns can make it difficult to legitimize hunting as a sport and/or as a component of a broader conservation strategy (Batavia et al., 2018, Fischer et al., 2013). For example, animal rights activists may (reluctantly) accept killing animals for subsistence and food provisioning, but may be absolutely opposed to hunting for ‘fun’. Such attitudes may be in direct opposition to natural resource managers who recognize the role of recreational hunters in generating broader wildlife conservation and collective economic benefits and who seek to integrate their knowledge and rights into wildlife management policies (Dickson, 2009, Van de Pitte, 2003). In Brazil, mass media (magazines, newspapers, television and radio) has played a key role in changing public perceptions about hunting since the early 1980s by increasingly associating hunting and hunters with serious environmental problems (i.e. deforestation of the Amazon, biodiversity loss, etc.). As a result, Brazilian public opinion has been increasingly polarized among pro- and anti-hunting factions (Fernandes-Ferreira, 2014). This was clearly reflected in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, where animal rights activists and environmentalists co-opted a pro-environmental argument (lead contamination caused by the release of ammunition) to suspend sport hunting in the only region where it had been successfully implemented and managed since the 1970s (Lau, 2016). Indeed, it has been persuasively argued that sport hunting in Rio Grande do Sul contributed to: (i) protecting species (Nascimento and Antas, 1995); (ii) testing new management schemes (Efe et al., 2005); and (iii) generating information about the routes of migratory birds and, more generally, the spatial distribution of key species (Nascimento et al., 2000).
Outside of the now defunct example of Rio Grande do Sul, sport hunting in Brazil has been largely unregulated. There is also evidence that illegal sport hunting is growing across the country. El Bizri et al. (2015) detected an increase in posting of videos on YouTube related to sport hunting, identifying the hunters as predominantly wealthier urban residents and descendants of European countries. This pattern may be partially explained in terms of Brazilian urban residents who have recently migrated from rural areas and are still maintaining their rural identity. It is worth noting that many hunters have both a strong knowledge about game species and their ecology, and a deep relationship with landscapes and prey. In Brazil, ethnozoological studies have started to reveal the enormous value of this type of knowledge and its potential utility for improving biodiversity conservation and wildlife management (Alves, 2012). The majority of these studies have been in the Northeast region (Caatinga and Atlantic Forest of Northeast Brazil) where hunting pressure is higher (Fernandes-Ferreira, 2014) and where hunting is a strongly embedded cultural practice (Bragagnolo et al., 2017a, Bragagnolo et al., 2017b).
Hunting might be so deeply culturally embedded that people disregard the law en masse. In other words, a law loses force (and is ignored) when it is perceived as criminalizing behaviours that fall within social norms. Geographically localized social surveys suggest that unregulated hunting is a common practice in many rural regions of different Brazilian ecoregions (Fernandes-Ferreira et al., 2012, Fernandes-Ferreira and Nóbrega Alves, 2017, Gama et al., 2016, Teixeira et al., 2014). Moreover, illegal trapping/hunting of wildlife is often socially acceptable (Alves et al., 2009, Morcatty and Valsecchi, 2015) and frequently practiced even inside and surrounding protected areas (de Carvalho and Morato, 2013, Ferreira and Freire, 2009). Despite very limited resources, seizures of wild animals in Brazil are frequent and probably represent the tip of a very large ‘iceberg’ (de Azevedo Chagas et al., 2015). Ineffective enforcement of environmental policies in Brazil is also a major limitation, since it does not obviously contribute to increased compliance or behavioural change (Barreto et al., 2009, da Silva and Bernard, 2016). Moreover, corruption is perceived by many Brazilians as the main cause of poor enforcement of environmental laws (Aklin et al., 2014).
Ultimately, illegal hunting in Brazil is similar to many other regions of the world, being characterized by considerable overlap between hunting for subsistence, for income generation, and for recreation (Loveridge et al., 2006, Morsello et al., 2015, Sánchez-Mercado et al., 2016). Other less common motivations may include thrill killing, trophy poaching, protection of self and property (human-wildlife conflicts), poaching to assert a traditional right and as a form of protest against a disputed regulation (Muth and Bowe, 1998) or a conservation policy (Mischi, 2012). In other words, there are multiple possible reasons for the high level of non-compliance with hunting regulations in Brazil and very little data on which to base a robust and well-targeted policy response. In such circumstances it is important to return to first principles, using multiple sources of data to identify which suite of policy measures may be most appropriate in any given cultural context.
Policy options and recommendations
In situations where an illegal activity is very widely practiced and culturally embedded, an obvious and potentially politically attractive solution would be to revoke the laws or decriminalize the behaviour. This is partially what the new legal amendment (see above) is proposing for commercial hunting. Nonetheless, a radical change such as this could have unintentional consequences for overexploited species, altering population and ecological dynamics and ultimately affecting ecosystem functions and services. This may be particular true in many tropical and subtropical regions (i.e. rainforests) where population densities of larger species are typically low (Roper, 2006) and illegal hunting remains one of the main impacts driving species’ extinction (Bodmer et al., 1997, Corlett, 2007, Laurance et al., 2006). In this context, legislators and the Brazilian society more generally should strategically evaluate the trade-off between decriminalizing some types of hunting and preserving biodiversity, i.e. to what extent a social group (i.e. hunters) could be benefited (and thereby “decriminalized”) over the common right to preserve a species, an ecosystem or an ecological function. Solving this ethical question in Brazil is by no means straightforward, especially in the current climate of divided public opinion and the absence of comprehensive information about hunting and its consequences. Assuming that some citizens choose not to hunt (or hunt less frequently) due to fear of prosecution, decriminalization of some types of hunting could significantly increase hunting pressure in some areas and for some species. Nevertheless, we would argue that relatively minor changes to legislation might be sufficient to improve monitoring, discriminating distinct types of hunting and hunters, and bringing more hunters into existing legal structures.
We strongly advocate a more flexible, open-minded and scientifically-driven approach by policy-makers, protected area managers, environmental activists and animal defenders, and generally recommend the adoption of one or more of the following options depending on the specific cultural and environmental context: (i) simplifying the process to become an officially registered subsistence hunter; (ii) expanding participation in licensing schemes; (iii) linking hunting to community-based wildlife management programmes; (iv) introducing alternative livelihoods in areas with high levels of illegal subsistence hunting; (v) modifying hunting supply chains through substitution; (vi) trialling broad-based education and social marketing campaigns aimed at key demographics. Policy options (i) to (iii) can be applied where hunting is considered desirable and needs to carefully regulated and monitored. Policy options (iv) to (vi) are applicable to situations where illegal hunting needs to be controlled or where hunting pressure needs to be reduced.
Simplifying the process to become an officially registered subsistence hunter
Brazil is famous for its complex bureaucracy, and any changes in hunting legislation would ideally be accompanied by a streamlining of legal processes. An obvious starting point would be to simplify the procedure to become a subsistence hunter and to clearly define the criteria (e.g. minimum body size, hunting seasons, sustainable quotas, etc.) to limit overexploitation and defaunation. Of course, establishing more rigorous criteria for subsistence hunting may not completely reduce human pressure, though it could considerably improve monitoring and may generate a small amount of funds and information about species biology and population dynamics. Considering the mega-biodiverse status of Brazil, suitable data should be gathered for target species, habitats and biomes (i.e. Amazon, Pantanal, Atlantic rainforest). An example of the type of data needed was documented by Jerozolimski and Peres (2003), who showed that mammal species above about 6.5 kg are the preferred quarry of subsistence hunters in neotropical forests of the Southern Amazon. Similarly, Parry et al. (2009) demonstrated that subsistence hunters of Brazilian Amazon preferred primary forest because requiring the lowest catch-per-unit-effort and allowing other traditional extractive activities. Although this may translate into greater pressure on many large vertebrates, regulating such subsistence hunting in primary forests may help contain large-scale deforestation by requiring a greater integration with other conservation and land-use policies (e.g. Forest Code, Protected Areas planning, etc.).
There may also be lack of institutional flexibility making it difficult to drive through changes that challenge long established protocols and mind-sets within regulatory bodies such as the Brazilian Institute for the Environment (IBAMA). Following a broader decentralization process (since 2011), legal responsibility for surveillance and enforcement of administrative penalties involving flora, fauna and environmental licensing has been transferred from federal (IBAMA) to state and municipal environmental agencies (Lei Complementar 140). Considering the uneven institutional capacity across the country (see for example Sánchez, 2013, Malhado et al., 2017), several states and/or municipalities may be not prepared to implement an enforcement system for controlling hunting due to local political pressures, corruption and technical and financial constraints. In this context, a blanket loosening hunting legislation across the country would be impractical. Moreover, given Brazil's drawn-out economic crisis and the bleak prognosis for economic growth in the medium term, the more likely scenario is that federal and state budgets will be frozen or even reduced, further depleting resources for monitoring and enforcement.
Expanding participation in licensing schemes
If hunting is legalized in Brazil – as proposed by some political projects – one of the main challenges will be to create a system of licencing of sites and individuals. Such schemes are extremely effective for improving monitoring and may also provide considerable income for conservation and wildlife management. For example, a quantitative study from the United States estimated that in 2011 hunters spent $796 million on licenses and permits, and that state and provincial agencies were able to invest this money to restore and manage wildlife and habitats, monitor and study populations, maintain access to lands for public recreation, build shooting ranges, and support hunter education programmes (Arnett and Southwick, 2015). Nevertheless, the feasibility of expanding licensing schemes for sport hunting in Brazil will depend upon the size of the market and, specifically, whether it would be large enough to generate significant income for management and conservation (Roper, 2006). Lack of institutional capacity (see above) may be also critical to ensure effective enforcement and control.
Another potential challenge to expanding licensed hunting in Brazil is that private hunting reserves require a high social acceptability, and would therefore be restricted to regions where recreational hunting already has high levels of public support (e.g. the southern states of Brazil). In this context, developing ethical codes regulating recreational hunting behaviours could both increase the social legitimacy of sport hunting and establish a set of behavioural norms for Brazilian hunters.
Expanding participation in licenced hunting could also be achieved by coupling hunting with tourism, a strategy that has sometimes been effective in southern Africa (Di Minin et al., 2016, Naidoo et al., 2016) where big game animals are a sufficiently strong draw to attract foreign tourists. However, such schemes typically have a weak impact on illegal hunting (Mateo-Tomás et al., 2015) and in many developing countries they are often linked to corrupt practices (Leader-Williams et al., 2009). Also, the lack of social and ecological data in Brazil means that prioritizing areas for implementation of such schemes would not be straightforward. A good starting point would be to identify regions where high recreational hunting value species occur (cf. Correia et al., 2016) and where ecotourism enterprises are already well-established (e.g. the Pantanal). Pilot areas could then be identified among PAs designated for sustainable use, such as Extractive Reserves (Reservas Extrativistas). In Zambia, similar types of areas have been shown to be more profitable for trophy hunting, while also acting as “wildlife sources” for restocking game populations (Naughton-Treves et al., 2005).
Another area where licencing could be expanded with potentially positive consequences for conservation is hunting to control invasive species, especially given the widespread presence of non-native species in otherwise conserved areas (Pedrosa et al., 2015, Sampaio and Schmidt, 2014). However, if hunting is to be considered as an acceptable strategy for controlling invasive species, public attitudes may need to be seriously considered. Hunting of wild pigs (Sus scrofa) has been introduced in South Brazil for population control and it is regulated by a National Plan (Plano nacional de prevenção, controle e monitoramento do Javali no Brasil). However, there are strongly divergent opinions on this practice. In the Pantanal, local people value pig hunting as a highly traditional activity, and seem to prefer hunting feral pigs with positive consequences for native wildlife (Desbiez et al., 2011, Harris et al., 2005). However, in other regions of southern Brazil (e.g. São Paulo State) wild pig hunting has already been banned, and its return is very unlikely in the face of pressure from animal rights activists. In this case, demonstrating the benefits of hunting for controlling wildlife populations and protecting native wildlife may be not enough to increase public acceptability and additional measures such as the development of ethical hunting codes that address the concerns of local citizens may also be required.
Expanding participation in licensing schemes would greatly facilitate monitoring. Despite the requirement of Brazilian Wildlife Protection Law for collecting data on population dynamics and monitoring wildlife to establish sustainable wildlife management practices, scientific information is very patchy for potential target species (Roper, 2006). It is possible that local and traditional knowledge about key species could be combined with scientific data to reduce this shortfall (see Van Holt et al., 2010), though this would create a new set of challenges. Moreover, increasing participation in licenced schemes would, in isolation, be insufficient to effectively control hunting pressure. To do this, a more comprehensive approach would be required that carefully demarcated licensed hunting areas, invested in enforcement and, where appropriate, introduced bag limits and off-seasons according to the specific characteristics of each biome and its wildlife populations.
Linking hunting to community-based wildlife management programmes
Another potential approach to regulate hunting is by closely linking the practice to well-designed community-based wildlife management programmes (Campos-Silva and Peres, 2016). There have been several successful examples of sustainable use and population recovery of aquatic megafauna in the Amazon adopting a community-based management approach, notably the recovery of the giant Arapaima which was almost extinct in many Amazon floodplains (Castello et al., 2009, Petersen et al., 2016) and the associated increase in many other overexploited freshwater species with natural and economic value (Arantes and Freitas, 2016). Besides its clear conservation value, this management scheme has also proven effective in alleviating poverty, improving welfare, social security and social capital of local communities (Campos-Silva and Peres, 2016). Similar schemes that directly involve local communities could potentially be implemented and tested for the management of game species in other Brazilian biomes, especially where the presence of indigenous people and traditional communities is still high (e.g. Pantanal).
Introducing alternative livelihoods in areas with high levels of illegal subsistence hunting
The above proposals are based on the proposition that the best way to control hunting is to officially recognize it as a legitimate practice and to adaptively control it through regulation and monitoring. However, in many parts of Brazil it may be both socially desirable and environmentally preferable to focus on reducing hunting pressure (legal and illegal). An obvious way to do this is to address the ultimate drivers of subsistence hunting, such as rural poverty. Poor people in rural areas of developing countries often bear the main costs of conservation initiatives, both directly in terms of unfair distribution of benefits and indirectly from the opportunity cost of land and resource uses foregone (Roe and Elliott, 2006). Living with wildlife often represents a further threat to their lives and livelihoods (e.g. crop destruction, disease risks and livestock predation) (Spiteri and Nepal, 2008). This is part of the rationale for integrating poverty reduction goals into conservation policies in many developing countries through strategies such as pro-poor wildlife tourism, community based wildlife management, sustainable ‘bush-meat’ management, pro-poor conservation, and integrated conservation and development projects. African countries have been particularly targeted by projects aiming at introducing alternative livelihoods for reducing the dependence of local communities on natural resources and bush-meat. Nevertheless, information on the general success of such projects on illegal hunting is very limited and narrow (SCBD, 2011), with success largely dependent on specific institutional, ecological and developmental conditions (Adams et al., 2004, Sanderson and Redford, 2004).
A feasible starting point for assessing alternative livelihood policy options in Brazil would be to conduct pilot studies and test alternative schemes. Such a strategy would require, as a pre-requisite, detailed information on the socioeconomic drivers of hunting and bush-meat consumption in key areas and regions. For example, recent studies based on interviews with hunters and local people in Northeast Brazil showed that hunted species included mammals for bush-meat, birds for pets and commerce and reptiles for zootherapy and control hunting (Alves et al., 2012, de Souza and Alves, 2014, Fernandes-Ferreira et al., 2012, Pereira and Schiavetti, 2010). In similar context, promoting small-scale projects close to wildlife areas to integrate family income through, for example, honey production, crafts production, nurseries and food-crop production has been demonstrated a successful alternative to alleviate hunting pressures and diminish food insecurity (Lindsey et al., 2013). Another option aimed at alleviating poverty and reducing bush-meat hunting is the adoption of a local business-based approach such as the Community Markets for Conservation project (COMACO) developed with local communities surrounding national parks in Zambia (Lewis et al., 2011). COMACO creates networks of rural trading, training targeted households (the least food-secure people and illegal wildlife poachers) in sustainable agricultural practices and rewarding them with premium prices for their produce, turning it into high-value food products which a social enterprise sold across the country. Such a model could be tested, for example, in areas surrounding natural reserves in Northeast Brazil where there is the greatest pressure on wildlife and where there are low levels of food security due to the extreme climatic conditions and the high levels of social acceptability towards exploitative illegal activities (Bragagnolo et al., 2017a, Bragagnolo et al., 2017b).
Modifying hunting supply chains through substitution
Another way to reduce hunting pressure is to remove some of the financial incentives for hunting and wildlife trade by modifying supply chains. There is good evidence from other parts of the world that captive breeding can reduce the demand for wild caught birds (Jepson and Ladle, 2005, Jepson and Ladle, 2009). However, breeding expertise takes time to build up and may be slow to generate economic returns. Moreover, the existence of a black market (in wild-caught birds, for example) could undermine new business ventures. Although captive breeding or ranching is unlikely to work for popular Brazilian bush-meat species such as armadillos, it may be viable for species such as the black caiman (Melanosuchus niger) where there is both global expertise and an abundance of successful and economically viable interventions on closely related species (Gelabert et al., 2017, Nickum et al., 2018). Finally, there may be considerable bureaucratic hurdles that need to be overcome – Nogueira and Nogueira-Filho (2011) highlight the potential difficulties involved in engaging governmental and/or non-governmental agencies to support the captive rearing of peccaries in the neotropics.
Changing cultural attitudes to hunting
A more ambitious and potentially far-reaching approach to Brazil's hunting problem would be to change the culture of illegal hunting in rural Brazil through education and social marketing campaigns. While education-based interventions are more effective in changing opinions of unformed people or individuals with scarce knowledge about conservation (Leisher et al., 2012), social marketing campaigns could primarily play a key role and driving changes on individual behaviours when social norms and taboo are critical behavioural drivers (Veríssimo et al., 2012). The high levels of smart phone use and internet coverage in Brazil mean that there are ample opportunities for public outreach through social networks and judicious use of celebrity endorsements. There is also scope for aligning anti-hunting campaigns with more visible public concerns, especially related to diet and health (Challender and MacMillan, 2014). For example, recent studies in Vietnam advocate the use of customer-target campaigns as a long-term strategy to deter wild products consumption and trade (Drury, 2011, Shairp et al., 2016). The recent mosquito-borne zika and yellow fever outbreaks have sensitized the Brazilian public to the dangers of animal-borne diseases. The threat of zoonoses such as Leprosy (potentially caught from armadillos and monkeys), Chagas disease (armadillos), psittacosis (macaws) and leptospirosis (wide variety of mammals) could potentially be used to illustrate the public health dangers associated with the handling and eating of wild birds and mammals (Gruber, 2017). At the same time citizens should be further informed and became more aware about the environmental impact of intensive livestock production since changes in animal product consumption (wildlife meat vs. industrial livestock products) may have harmful consequences on the environment, ultimately contributing, for example, to increase deforestation and water consumption (Abbasi and Abbasi, 2016).
Conclusions
Debating an issue such as hunting in Brazil will be not straightforward until we have accurate data on its prevalence, and geographic and temporal trends and we understand why people are hunting. Nevertheless, there are several general principles that can be immediately applied. Firstly, due to its continental size and diversity, wildlife management and hunting in Brazil needs to be geographically and social-context specific (e.g. bird trapping for the cage bird trade in northeast Brazil, jaguar hunting by farmers in the Pantanal and Amazon, armadillo hunting for food in the Cerrado). Secondly, different types of hunting need to be clearly defined, assessed and regulated according to context, evaluating likely threats and considering different policy options (see Table 1). Finally, the gap between scientific evidence and policy decisions should be closed (see Azevedo-Santos et al., 2017), including the political will to develop legal instruments integrating different policy sectors (e.g. establishing some experimental management programmes in protected areas, assessing the environmental effects of social and poverty alleviation policies, establishing land-use based strategies, etc.). Achieving any of these actions requires increased investment in research and the generation of evidence-based support for effective managing wildlife. More efforts are also required for promoting education and human conservation management, assessing the sociocultural viability of legal hunting and identifying the social value of native species and biomes, by incorporating human dimensions into wildlife management. Finally, appropriate policy options unquestionably require being broadly and democratically debated and decided, avoiding top-down bureaucratic approaches and political manoeuvres using pseudoscientific promises to please privileged lobbies and/or deliver short-term mandates.
Mooching for Deer
With the three-hour mooch complete on a recent December morning, our six-pack of deer hunters chewed venison sticks in Doug Duren’s old farmhouse in southwestern Wisconsin and wondered where Duren would send us for the afternoon mooch.
Any outsider listening in probably would’ve wondered about something else: “What’s a ‘mooch’ and how does it involve deer hunting?” Good question. No dictionary explains the term the way Duren uses it. Mooching does not mean loitering, which assumes you’re hanging around with no purpose. Nor does it involve begging for food, drink, money or other handouts.
Instead, one mooches by moving glacier-like along a precise route, as designated by Duren, through a woodlot or its border with a field of corn or alfalfa. Your individual mooch, when combined with mooches made by fellow moochers, creates one overall mooch, much as individual drivers combine to create a drive.
If the mooch succeeds, a moocher gets a shot at a slow-moving deer, or nudges it past a waiting hunter who Duren has appointed to a stand. In other words, moochers do what Duren dictates at speeds somewhere between loitering and walking.
Good moochers who do as they’re told might one day be assigned a stand. And there they’ll wait at least two hours, but usually more, trusting the moochers to not hurry the process. The moocher’s job is to quietly urge deer onto their hooves and to the nearest trail, kind of like how you slink into the next grocery aisle when the town bore looms ahead but hasn’t seen you.
What's a Mooch?
In other words, a “mooch” is a slow-motion deer drive usually done by small hunting groups using the wind, cover and terrain to slowly move deer along regularly traveled trails to other hunters. Duren isn’t sure how or where the term originated, but suspects it’s linked to his Uncle Ralph, who carried an open-sighted .30-40 Krag to hunt deer in the Chequamegon National Forest in northwestern Wisconsin. Duren never saw a deer in that vast forest until Uncle Ralph shocked him by shooting a young buck while “mooching around” on his own.
The term and its meaning apparently were rooted in that region, because it also described a successful 1950s-era hunt immortalized in a Gordon MacQuarrie story, “You’ve Got to Suffer!” In the autobiographical account, a heavy snow had smothered northwestern Wisconsin as opening weekend approached. When MacQuarrie’s father-in-law asked him to make “one little drive,” Mac initially refused, saying, “I’m not mooching in this snow.”
MacQuarrie relented when “Mr. President” told him to grab a pair of snowshoes from the cabin wall and wear off some of their varnish. Soon after, MacQuarrie was nudging a deer toward the “Old Man,” much in the manner Duren dictates when hunting farmland deer nearly 70 years later and 200 miles to the south.
MacQuarrie wrote: “The deer was moving ahead of me. Buck or doe? I do not know. Even in fresh mud I do not know, and I think that no one else can tell for certain. … This deer was not plunging. It seemed to know my pace and kept just ahead of me. Likely it had heard me when I was a hundred yards away from it, and had got up quietly and just sneaked away from me. … Deer can be very contemptuous of a man.”
Unfortunately, the Old Man never saw that deer because he fell asleep while waiting on a stump, dressed too warmly in heavy clothing and “huge aviator’s boots.” When MacQuarrie strapped on his snowshoes the next day to try again, the Old Man intentionally dressed too lightly and returned to the stump. This time he shot the buck as it again moved just ahead of MacQuarrie, and explained his success: “You got to suffer first.”
Maintain Discipline
Duren doesn’t demand his hunting partners suffer. He does, however, expect everyone to listen to his instructions and follow them. To ensure understanding, he keeps a large aerial photo of his 400-acre farm pinned to a bulletin board near the farmhouse’s kitchen. During his pre-mooch briefings, Duren wields a yardstick and taps out assignments on the photo. He identifies each stand by name with a post-it, and traces each mooching route with the yardstick.
Before explaining his plans and making assignments, Duren consults his smartphone for wind and weather forecasts. After using that information to craft his plan, he gives the mooch’s objective while specifying each hunter’s role. His briefings go something like this: “The wind’s from the northwest, so I’ll take Durkin and Stan over to the McGlynn farm. We’ll put Stan in the cornfield blind, and then Durkin and I will separate and circle south through the creek bottom. Then we’ll head east up the hill so our scent blows into the woods ahead of us. Durkin will follow the woods north while I go east to meet Hans.”
Tapping the photo for emphasis, Duren jabs the yardstick at a wooded peninsula with an elevated box stand: “Dan, you’ll sit here. When Durkin reaches the far hilltop, Stan will leave his stand and follow the lower field while Durkin follows the upper field. Hans and I will wait across the upper field until Durkin reaches the northeast corner. Then we’ll let our scent blow through the pine plantation before moving north toward you.”
Turning to another hunter, Duren raps the photo again and says: “Kief, you wait down here behind the barn in case anything squirts out the side. If this works, we’ll move some deer past Dan before we wrap up. Okay. It’s 8 o’clock now. Take extra clothes if you’re a stander. This will take almost all morning.”
Duren sees several advantages to mooching deer, rather than driving them. Yes, he prefers not to send deer fleeing into neighboring woodlots, but his greater goal is a safe hunt and easy shots.
“In a traditional drive—where you post a line of blockers and send in a second line of drivers to sweep the woods—deer come out of there belching fire and hauling the freight,” Duren says. “It’s hard to get a good, safe, ethical shot. With a mooch, deer get up and start moving, but it’s almost like a rabbit being chased by beagles. They sometimes just get up, circle the block to lose you and settle back down. If they keep going, by the time they reach the standers, they’re moving slowly. That makes a much better target. And if they circle back or go out the side past a moocher, you usually have time to size up things for a safe shot. If you’re not sure, you don’t shoot.
“It’s a fun, relaxing way to hunt,” Duren continues. “Every mooch is different, depending on the group, the wind and time of day. You don’t just run through a bunch of set drives that you—and the deer—both know.”
Avoid Accidents
Duren emphasizes safety because he knows the potential dangers of deer drives, especially in states like Wisconsin with short (nine days) firearm seasons and more than 600,000 licensed hunters. A recent review of 10 consecutive Wisconsin gun seasons found more than half of the state’s shooting accidents involved hunters who knew each other. Specifically, of 181 gun-season shootings from 1997-2006, 97 (54 percent) involved members of the same group, and 67 (37 percent) were self-inflicted. During that 10-year period, drives accounted for 70 of the 181 shooting accidents (39 percent) and eight (33.3 percent) of the state’s 24 fatal woundings. Further, about 70 percent of shootings involving other people occurred as a deer ran or walked.
Why do drives produce disproportionate numbers of shootings? For starters, a running deer presents a moving target, and shooters can’t carefully inspect the ever-changing backdrop. A hurried shooter might never see another hunter beyond the deer.
Plus, hunters often feel pressure to fill their tag as the season winds down. Deer activity plummets once the game realizes it’s being hunted, and nothing gets the deer moving more reliably than hunters busting through brush, woodlots, dry marshes or standing corn. When a deer bursts from cover and the hunter’s adrenaline surges, the shooter may experience the “tunnel vision” phenomenon. That is, when humans experience extreme fear or excitement, they can focus so intently on an objective that they block out their peripheral vision.
People in the shooter’s sight line can break through that tunnel vision by wearing hunter-orange clothing, which the human eye easily detects. Hunters who wear faded orange clothing, or remove or obscure blaze orange when afield, might think they’re less visible to deer, but there’s no doubt they’re less visible to other hunters.
For safety and other reasons, Duren plans each mooch with patient precision, which sets the tone for all participants. They understand their roles and how they mesh with the roles everyone else is assigned. He also doesn’t pressure his friends and family to fill tags, even though he usually wants to reduce the farm’s antlerless deer population.
“Our objective isn’t to just kill deer,” Duren says. “We want a productive hunt, but it must be safe. When you read about hunting accidents, the hunters often say their group is safe, and they never had a problem before. That’s all well and good, but you’re only as safe as your next hunt.”
That approach underscores what investigators often find when studying shootings on deer drives: poor leadership and planning. “If you don’t plan your drives to be safe, they won’t be,” Duren notes. “Even then, everyone might know where they’re supposed to be, but you can’t assume everyone will be exactly where you send them. Basic safety rules still apply. Be sure of your target and beyond. You must know your safe-fire zone.”
Related to request “1997”
